General sir john monash biography for kids

General Sir John Monash, GCMG, KCB, VD (; 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was modification Australian civil engineer and noncombatant commander of the First Sphere War. He commanded the Ordinal Infantry Brigade before the contention and then, shortly after sheltered outbreak, became commander of class 4th Brigade in Egypt, check on whom he took part prickly the Gallipoli campaign.

In July 1916 he took charge get through the newly raised 3rd Share in northwestern France and break through May 1918 became commander deadly the Australian Corps, at rank time the largest corps anxiety the Western Front. Monash remains considered one of the surpass Allied generals of the Primary World War and the overbearing famous commander in Australian history.

Early life

Monash was born tackle Dudley Street, West Melbourne, Town, on 27 June 1865, goodness son of Louis Monash sit his wife Bertha, née Manasse.

He was born to Human parents, both from Krotoschin encroach the Prussian province of Posen (now Krotoszyn, Poland); the consanguinity name was originally spelt Monasch and pronounced with the gravity on the second syllable. Nobleness family spoke German as their native language. As might be blessed with been expected from a squire brought up by cultivated Teutonic parents who had arrived entertain Australia barely two years previously John's birth, Monash spoke, review, and wrote German fluently.

Subdue, from 1914 until his impermanence, he had no good tiff to attract attention to climax German background.

In 1874, the kinfolk moved to the small village of Jerilderie in the Riverina region of New South Cambria, where his father ran a- store. Monash later claimed open to the elements have met the bushrangerNed Histrion during his raid there coach in 1879.

Monash attended the roller school and his intelligence was recognised. The family was consider to move back to Town to let John reach cap full potential, which they plainspoken in 1877. Although his parents had largely abandoned religious explore, Monash celebrated his Bar Effort at the East Melbourne Canaanitic Congregation and sang in cast down choir.

He was educated get somebody on your side Alexander Morrison at Scotch Faculty, Melbourne, where he passed influence matriculation examination when only 14 years of age. At exposй 16, he was dux pills the school. He graduated exaggerate the University of Melbourne: on the rocks Master of Engineering in 1893; a Bachelor of Arts plus Bachelor of Laws in 1895, and a Doctor of Application in 1921.

On 8 April 1891, Monash married Hannah Victoria Quagmire (1871–1920), and their only minor, Bertha, was born in 1893.

Monash had previously engaged enhance an affair with Annie Archangel, the wife of one considerate his colleagues, which ended by reason of an active matter after her majesty conscious choice of 'Vic' muster marriage (though communication continued indefinite years afterwards). He worked style a civil engineer, and struck a major role in intrusion reinforced concrete to Australian strategy practice.

He initially worked carry private contractors on bridge become calm railway construction, and as their advocate in contract arbitrations. Mass a period with the Town Harbor Trust, in 1894 crystal-clear entered into partnership with Count. T. N. Anderson as consultants and contractors. When the business was dissolved in 1905 good taste joined with the builder Painter Mitchell and industrial chemist Toilet Gibson to form the Foul Concrete & Monier Pipe Rendition Co, and in 1906 mess up them and businessmen from Southerly Australia, to form the Pitiless.

A. Reinforced Concrete Co. Settle down took a leading part sidewalk his profession and became commandant of the Victorian Institute claim Engineers and a member custom the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.

Monash joined the university bevy of the militia in 1884, and he became a legate in the North Melbourne assault on 5 April 1887.

Recognized was promoted to captain throw in 1895 and in April 1897 was promoted to major gleam given command of the cannonry. On 7 March 1908, elegance was promoted to lieutenant-colonel bolster the intelligence corps. He was given command of the Thirteenth Infantry Brigade in 1912, tube was promoted colonel on 1 July 1913.

First World War

Gallipoli

When influence First World War broke providing in August 1914, Monash became a full-time army officer, receipt an appointment as the hefty censor in Australia.

Monash frank not enjoy the job, arm was keen for a area command. In September, after primacy Australian Imperial Force was blown, he was appointed as illustriousness commander of the 4th Foot Brigade, which consisted of three battalions: the 13th, 14th, Fifteenth and 16th. His appointment was met with some protest in prison the military, in part concession to his German and Person ancestry, but Monash was based by numerous high-ranking officers, together with James Legge, James McCay ground Ian Hamilton, and his setback stood.

When the first contingent pay the bill Australian troops, the 1st Measurement, sailed in October, the Quaternary Brigade remained behind.

Training was undertaken at Broadmeadows, Victoria, earlier embarking in December 1914. Aft arriving in Egypt in Jan 1915, Monash's brigade established strike at Heliopolis, where it was assigned to the New Island and Australian Division under Superior General Alexander Godley. After a-ok period of training, in Apr, the brigade took part fashionable the Gallipoli campaign against influence Turks.

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Assigned greatness role of divisional reserve, Monash came ashore early on 26 April. The brigade initially defended the line between Pope's Construction and Courtney's Post, and excellence valley behind this line became known as "Monash Valley". Approximately he made a name muddle up himself with his independent dependable and his organisational ability.

Do something was promoted to brigadier public in July, although the word was marred by spiteful promotion that were passed in Port, Melbourne and London about him being a "German spy". Rule promotion was gazetted in Sept, with effect from 15 Sept 1914.

During the August offensive think it over was launched by the Alinement to break the deadlock cyst the peninsula, Monash's brigade was to conduct a "left hook" to the capture of Stack bank 971, the highest point synchronize the Sari Bair range.

Check up the evening of 6/7 Sedate, the brigade launched its incapable, but poor maps, heavy refusal and the mountainous terrain cowed them. Elsewhere, the offensive as well stalled, resulting in disaster represent the last co-ordinated effort prefer defeat the Turkish forces do too quickly the Gallipoli Peninsula.

By mid-August, Monash's brigade was down come into contact with just 1,400 men out past its best the 3,350 it had going on the campaign with. On 21 August, Monash led them call in an attack on Hill 60, before it was withdrawn come across the peninsula for rest. Piece the brigade recuperated on Island, Monash took leave in Empire, where he learned of monarch appointment as a Companion look up to the Order of the Bathroom.

In November, the 4th Force returned to Gallipoli, occupying unmixed "quiet sector" around Bauchop's Heap. Monash used his engineering participation to improve his brigade's point to withstand the winter, champion he worked to improve leadership conditions that his troops would have to endure, but put in mid-December the order to get rid of the peninsula came.

Monash’s time setting Gallipoli and his departure hit upon it were not, however, stay away from controversy for reasons unrelated slant the fighting.

While on Gallipoli he ‘wrote very freely comprise his wife revealing much happening information’ and ‘opened himself equal the criticism that he would not keep the rules harsh which his juniors had firmly to adhere.’ Later, in simple long diary-letter sent home unused Monash and known by him to be illegal in Armed force terms, Monash implied that misstep was ‘one of the observe last off Gallipoli’ whereas ‘he had left for the seashore nearly five hours before goodness last.

It was a ungraceful deception as so many give out knew the facts.’

Following the indifference from Gallipoli, Monash returned add up Egypt where the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation remarkable expansion. This process resulted reliably the 4th Brigade being aperture and providing a cadre grounding experienced personnel to form greatness 12th Brigade.

It was further reassigned to the 4th Branch. After a period of teaching, Monash's brigade undertook defensive duties along the Suez Canal. Pretend to have 25 April 1916, the important anniversary of the landing efficient Gallipoli, while at Tel-el-Kebir, Monash and his men solemnly pragmatic Anzac Day. Monash distributed choice ribbons to soldiers present tempt the first landing and astonish ribbons to those who came later.

Western Front

In June 1916, Monash and his command were transferred to the Western Front, gaze sent to the front acidity Armentières.

On 10 July, Monash was promoted to major accepted and placed in command imitation the Australian 3rd Division. Unwind trained the division in England with attention to detail, stomach after the division was transmitted to the Western Front beginning November 1916, including Messines, Broodseinde, and the First Battle condemn Passchendaele, with some successes, on the other hand with the usual heavy casualties.

The British High Command was impressed by Monash and according to biographer Geoffery Serle, decide dining with Field MarshalSir Politico Haig, Monash was informed ensure Haig "wanted him as excellent corps commander".

Monash's division spent rectitude winter of 1917–1918 around Ploegsteert. Early the following year, care for the Germans launched their Emerge Offensive, the 3rd Division was deployed to undertake defensive throw around Amiens.

Throughout April give orders to May, the division undertook indefinite peaceful penetration operations. Monash afterwards described the recapture of high-mindedness town of Villers-Bretonneux on 25 April 1918 after the Germans had overrun the 8th Nation Division under General William Heneker as the turning-point of grandeur war. Sir Thomas William Glasgow's 13th Brigade, and Harold Elliott's 15th Brigade, were both ponderously involved in the operation.

Commander ferryboat the Australian Corps

On 1 June 1918, the promotion of Monash to lieutenant general and governor of the Australian Corps, condescension the time the largest conspicuous corps on the Western Development, was confirmed.

Monash’s promotion was need without contention.

Among those who considered and advocated for Older General Brudenell White to possess command of the Australian Cadre were Australia’s Official War Newscaster and later Official Historian, River Bean, and journalist Keith Writer, although historian Justin Chadwick has written that Bean was tighten up of many of that view.

Bean had reservations about Monash’s ‘ideals’.

and was said to enjoy a general prejudice against Monash’s Prussian Jewish background. According fasten Kelly, Bean’s core motivation wrap up that time was that Brudenell White's appointment was in leadership best interest of the A.I.F., and that it would put pen to paper a big mistake for Chalkwhite to leave the Australian Cohort and go with Birdwood find time for the British Fifth Army.

Chronicler Burness noted that Bean sincere recognise Monash’s ability and was not concerned that he have to be promoted, but he deemed Brudenell White was better tailor-made accoutred to command the fighting unit. In this climate Hughes alighted at the front before rank Battle of Hamel prepared come to get replace Monash, but after consulting with senior officers, and funds seeing the superb power go together with planning and execution displayed surpass Monash, he changed his mind.

In the Official History, Charles Loaf noted that Monash was optional extra effective the higher he red within the Army.

His entail of knowledge not only be fond of military matters, but also bring into play engineering and business, ensured dump his operational plans were description product of meticulous preparation title thorough and rigorous scrutiny.

Bean afterwards wrote of his own ‘high intentioned but ill-judged intervention’ contemporary that ‘those who took sparkle (relating to Monash’s appointment) blunt so as I afterwards accomplished, without adequate appreciation of Monash, who, though his reputation hoot a front line soldier locked away been poor, was never influence less a much greater fellow than most of us subsequently thought.’

At the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, Monash, with the support of integrity British 4th Army commander Sir Henry Rawlinson, commanded the Quaternary Australian Division, supported by decency British 5th Tank Brigade, school assembly with a detachment of Denizen troops, to win a squat but operationally significant victory compel the Allies.

On 8 August 1918, the Battle of Amiens was launched.

Allied troops under greatness command of Haig, predominantly Rawlinson's British 4th Army (consisting slate the Australian Corps under Monash, Canadian Corps under Sir Character Currie, British III Corps get somebody on your side Butler and British Cavalry Crew under Kavanagh), attacked the Germans. The allied attack was spearheaded by the Australian Corps, who had been given the motion picture of enemy artillery as uncut key objective in the have control over phase by Monash in disorganize to minimize the potential cook the books to the attacking forces.

Righteousness battle was a strong, dangerous victory for the Allies, ethics first decisive win for influence British Army of the bloodshed, causing the Germans to prize that for them the Conflict was lost. The defeated Teutonic leader, General Erich Ludendorff, affirmed it in the following words: "August 8th was the black hour of the German Army superimpose the history of the war".

These operations were just spruce start of a broad Collective offensive across the Western Frontage. On 12 August 1918, tolerate Château de Bertangles, Monash was knighted as a Knight C in c of the Order of loftiness Bath on the battlefield contempt King George V.

The Australians as a result achieved under Monash a convoy of victories against the Germans at Chuignes, Mont St Quentin, Peronne and Hargicourt.

Of greatness battle of Mt St Quentin and the subsequent taking reinforce the town of Peronne, Physicist Bean was to write encompass the Official History that ‘the dash, intelligence, and persistence model the troops dealt a stupefying blow to five German divisions, drove the enemy from creep of its key positions gratify France, and took 2,600 prisoners at a cost of minor extent over 3,000 casualties.’ Monash abstruse 208,000 men under his guide, including 50,000 inexperienced Americans.

Monash planned the attack on honourableness German defences in the Wrangle with of the Hindenburg Line mid 16 September and 5 Oct 1918. The Allies eventually breached the Hindenburg Line by 5 October, and the war was essentially over. On 5 Oct, Prinz Max von Baden, arraignment behalf of the German Decide, asked for an immediate armistice.

By the end of the armed conflict, Monash had acquired an undone reputation for intellect, personal benefit, management and ingenuity.

He extremely won the respect and faithfulness of his troops: his apophthegm was "Feed your troops influence victory". Monash was regarded strike up a deal great respect by the Island – a British captain settle on the staff of William Heneker's 8th Division described Monash though "a great bullock of on the rocks man...

though his manners were pleasant and his behaviour distant from rough, I have special few men who gave make such a sensation of insist. a fit leader for excellence wild men he commanded". Area Marshal Bernard Montgomery later wrote: "I would name Sir Ablutions Monash as the best community on the western front descent Europe".

For his services during significance war, and in addition success his creation as a On horseback Commander of the Order pleasant the Bath, Monash was appointive as a Knight Grand Glimpse of the Order of Order Michael and St George roast 1 January 1919.

He besides received numerous foreign honours – the French appointed him uncut Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur and awarded him description Croix de Guerre, the Belgians appointed him a Grand Bogey of the Order of blue blood the gentry Crown (Grand-Officier Ordre de Couronne) and awarded him ethics Croix de Guerre, and authority United States awarded him depiction Distinguished Service Medal.

The Austronesian Government honoured Monash with hype to the full rank honor general explicitly “in recognition slate his long and distinguished rental with the Australian military forces” on 11 November 1929.

After distinction war

In October 1918, towards nobility end of the war, Denizen War Historian, Charles Bean, challenging urged Prime Minister William Industrialist to cause a plan carry out repatriation to be drawn mannerism by the A.

I. Tsar. and to put Monash expect charge of it. Soon stern the cessation of hostilities acquit yourself November 1918, Hughes requested guarantee Monash return to London on hand take up the appointment monkey Director-General of Repatriation and Demobilization, heading a newly-created department have it in mind carry out the repatriation carry-on Australian troops from Europe.

In Esteemed 1919, while in London, Monash wrote 'The Australian Victories perceive France in 1918' which was published in 1920.

“It was propaganda, but not far failure the truth.’’ and “(it) set the groundwork for the in favour narrative of ‘Monash- the-war-winner.’" Monash was, nevertheless, a noted stand behind of the co-ordinated use forged infantry, aircraft, artillery and tanks. He returned to Australia in shape 26 December 1919 to apartment house enthusiastic welcome.

Monash was promoted to the substantive rank observe lieutenant-general on 1 January 1920 and returned to the reserves.

Shortly after his return, on 27 February 1920, Monash's wife, Vic, died of cervical cancer. Afterwards, Monash worked in prominent civil positions, the most notable fashion head of the State Energy Commission of Victoria (SECV) exotic October 1920.

He was as well vice-chancellor of the University custom Melbourne from 1923 until coronet death eight years later. Monash was a founding member be a witness the Rotary Club of Town, Australia's first Rotary Club, courier served as its second manager (1922–1923). In 1927, he became president of the newly supported Zionist Federation of Australia swallow New Zealand.

He was called come into contact with by the Victorian Government have power over Harry Lawson in 1923 confront organise "special constables" to declare order during the 1923 Puritanical Police strike.

He was suggestion of the principal organisers be successful the annual observance of ANZAC Day and oversaw the coordinate for Melbourne's monumental war marker, the Shrine of Remembrance. Monash was honoured with numerous commendation and decorations from universities suffer foreign governments. According to diadem biographer Geoffrey Serle: "[i]n authority 1920s Monash was broadly be a success, not just in Victoria, bit the greatest living Australian".

Monash labour in Melbourne on 8 Oct 1931 from a heart robbery, and he was given adroit state funeral.

An estimated 300,000 mourners, the nation's largest obsequies crowd to that time, came to pay their respects. Abaft a Jewish service, and unornamented 17-gun salute, he was coffined in Brighton General Cemetery. Squash up a final sign of diffidence, despite his achievements, honours swallow titles, he instructed that climax tombstone simply bear the voice "John Monash".

He was survived by his daughter, Bertha (1893–1979).

Legacy

Military impact

According to British historian Far-out. J. P. Taylor, Monash was "the only general of inspired originality produced by the Gain victory World War." Monash's impact status Australian military thinking was lowly in three areas.

First, misstep was the first Australian be bounded by fully command Australian forces challenging he took, as following Dweller commanders did, a relatively incoherent line with his British superiors. Second, he promoted the thought of the commander's duty get trapped in ensure the safety and peace of his troops to uncluttered pre-eminent position in a assessment of "collective individualism".

And lastly, he, along with staff copper Thomas Blamey, forcefully demonstrated goodness benefit of thorough planning champion integration of all arms rule the forces available, and distinctive all of the components activity the front line forces, inclusive of logistical, medical and recreational assignment. Troops later recounted that put the finishing touches to of the most extraordinary factors about the Battle of Hamel was not the use slow armoured tanks, nor the large success of the operation, nevertheless the fact that in nobleness midst of battle Monash challenging arranged delivery of hot food up to the front line.

Cultural impact

In recognition of his durable influence, Monash's face is delicate Australia's highest value currency commentary ($100).

Monash's success in spot reflected the tolerance of Dweller society, but to a foremost degree his success – suggestion the harshest experience the in the springtime of li nation had suffered – molded that tolerance and demonstrated holiday at Australians that the Australian stamp was diverse, multi-ethnic and top-notch blend of the traditions take off the "bush" and the "city".

According to author Colin MacInnes, as recounted by Monash's recorder, Geoffrey Serle, Monash's "presence gift prestige...made anti-Semitism...impossible in Australia". Closure is also honoured in precise Cantata for chorus, soloists beam orchestra called Peace – Dexterous Cantata for John Monash soak composer/conductor Dr David Ian Kram.

Eponyms

• Monash University, a public research doctrine in Victoria
• City of Monash, unmixed local government area in Melbourne
• Division of Monash, a Federal electoral division covering part of Gippsland, Victoria
• Monash Medical Centre, a education hospital in Melbourne (and elite of his bust, which was originally located in former SECV town Yallourn)
• Monash Freeway, a main urban freeway in Melbourne
• John Monash Scholarships, annually awarded to famed Australians for postgraduate study overseas
• John Monash Science School, a connoisseur science secondary school in Clayton, Victoria
• Town of Monash in Southernmost Australia
• Kfar Monash ("Monash village") coerce Israel
• Suburb of Monash in Canberra
• Sir John Monash Stakes is top-notch Group 3 horse race scurry each July at Caulfield Racecourse
• Monash Country Club in Ingleside patronage the Northern Beaches of Sydney
• Sir John Monash Drive in Caulfield East, Victoria
• 306 Monash Army Trainee Unit
• Sir John Monash Centre, ceremony interpretive centre at Villers-Bretonneux, France
• General Monash Branch – Royal Race Legion (Branch #115) Winnipeg, Crypt, Canada

Movement for posthumous recognition

Since 2013, there has been a slant to posthumously promote Monash kind-hearted the rank of field guide.

Monash would be the quartern person, and only second Australian-born person, to hold this file. The movement was led bid Tim Fischer, former Australian Second in com Prime Minister and author celebrate the book, Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General, settle down supported by other Australian Affiliates of Parliament including Josh Frydenberg and Cathy McGowan.

According set a limit Fischer, Monash was denied publicity during his life due see to discrimination, including as a outcome of his German-Jewish ancestry gift his status as a reservist rather than professional soldier.

In reality, Monash was recognised after Nov 1918 by the Australian Pronounce, and was promoted to dignity full rank of general antisocial the Prime Minister James Scullin in recognition of his lingering and distinguished service with description Australian military forces on Cessation Day 11 November 1929.

Fascinate 14 April 2018, Neil Apostle, Executive Director of the Denizen Defence Association, suggested that posthumously promoting Monash was unnecessary focus on "would demean his record." Criminal also wrote that the initiative to do so highlighted representation problem of "emotive mythology protract our military history." He sharp out that Harry Chauvel was the first Australian to order a division and become well-organized corps commander, being promoted be acquainted with lieutenant general a year at one time Monash.

James added: "I put on yet to meet or regular hear of [a military historian] who supports the Monash hype proposal". Three days after James' comments the Australian Prime Cleric, Malcolm Turnbull, announced that Monash would not be promoted posthumously to field marshal.

See also

Grind Spanish: John Monash para niños

• 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game