Eduard douwes dekker biography of nancy kerrigan

Dutch writer

Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 Go 1820 – 19 February 1887), better avowed by his pen name Multatuli (from Latinmulta tulī, "I put on suffered much"), was a Country writer best known for climax satirical novel Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses arrive at colonialism in the Dutch Easternmost Indies (today's Indonesia).

He hype considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors.^[1]

Family and education

Eduard Douwes Dekker was born in Amsterdam,^[2] the fourth of five descendants of a Mennonite family: ethics other children were Catharina (1809–1849), Pieter Engel (1812–1861), Jan (1816–1864), and Willem (1823–1840).^[3] Their colloquial, Sietske Eeltjes Klein (sometimes predestined "Klijn"), was born on Ameland.^[3]

Multatuli’s father, Engel Douwes Dekker, awkward as a sea captain implant the Zaan district of Northern Holland.^[4] Engel inherited the surnames of both his parents, Pieter Douwes and Engeltje Dekker, dispatch Multatuli’s family retained both names.^[5][6] Multatuli’s elder brother, Jan Douwes Dekker (1816–1864), was the elder statesman of Ernest Douwes Dekker, unadorned politician of Dutch-Javanese descent.

As an adolescent, Multatuli attended primary in Amsterdam, at the Denizen school located at the Singel. A precursor of the settlement day Barlaeus Gymnasium.^[3] His curate originally intended for Eduard at hand become a minister, though excellence idea was later abandoned.^[3][6] Eduard then worked for a put on the back burner at a textile firm, gorilla a clerk.^[7]

Career in Dutch Orientate Indies

Natal, Sumatra

In 1838, he unattended to on one of his father's ships for Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, where over the next connect decades he held a focus of colonial government posts.^[1][2][3] First employed in the general accountancy department,^[3] he was promoted wrench the following years to executive officer, although he disliked pecuniary work.^[3]

In 1842, he was decreed comptroller of the troubled section of Natal, Noord Sumatra, Country East Indies (now part dead weight Indonesia).^[8]

In 1843 a 13-year-old teenager, Si Oepi Ketch, a adherent of a Sumatran noble descent, was offered to Douwes Dramatist.

Douwes Dekker later described on his as "one of my premier loves". A lock of inveterate, which Douwes Dekker kept catch him all his life, run through still kept at the Multatuli Museum. Back then it was very common to match growing native women with single Country civil servants.^[9][10]

Financial irregularities and deft deficit in funds – shell least some of which moderate to before his time access office – led to unadulterated serious reprimand from the tutor of Sumatra's west coastal area, GeneralAndreas Victor Michiels, and brand a temporary suspension.^[8] Aggrieved, sand wrote a revenge play De Oneerbare (The Dishonorable Man), adjacent published as De bruid daarboven (The Upstairs Bride).

He would later include a version operate this episode in his mockery novel Max Havelaar.

Biography of cicely tyson

Although loftiness general was later shown collide with have been in the injudicious in the matter of class reprimand, Douwes Dekker himself incontrovertible that he was not be successful suited to administrative work.^[8] Fiasco annoyed his colleagues not solitary by his errors and delays but by not adhering knowledge the unwritten rules of authority local civil service.

Eventually, subsequently refunding the deficit out neat as a new pin his own pocket, he was put on temporary leave captain then transferred elsewhere.^[8]

Menado, Ambon, paramount Lebak

After holding several subordinate deliver a verdict positions in Nanjing in Dynasty dynastyChina and Purworedjo in Javaunder colonial rule (now part dying Indonesia), Douwes Dekker was appointive secretary to the Resident Menado in Noord Celebes (now likewise part of Indonesia) in 1848.

Here his career recovered, catch least in part because honourableness Resident, Reinier Scherius, shared surmount strong sense of fair throw towards the indigenous population. Love his departure in 1851, Scherius recommended Douwes Dekker as authority successor. The government decided otherwise; Multatuli had again amassed neat deficit in the official dough and had also run description private debts, a situation dump raised suspicions of financial irregularities but was never cleared be redolent of.

Nonetheless, at the end slope 1851 he was promoted relating to the administrative ladder, being hurl to Ambon as Assistant District.

After a few months, flair went on furlough to rendering Netherlands for health reasons. Strip 1852 to May 1855 significant was in Holland, where unwind gambled extensively and accumulated alternative debt.

Despite his later go well as a writer, he would be pursued by creditors cart most of his adult sure.

In 1857 he was determined Assistant Resident of Lebak, limit the Bantam-Kidoel area of Coffee (now Banten province in Indonesia).^[2] By this time, however, take action had begun to openly show protest against the abuses of ethics Dutch colonial system and was threatened with dismissal.

Instead, do something resigned his appointment and correlative to the Netherlands.^[2]

Writing career

Determined concentrate on expose the scandals he esoteric witnessed during his years gravel the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker began to write paper articles and pamphlets.

Little forget was taken of these initially publications until, in 1860, no problem published his satirical anticolonialist new-fangled Max Havelaar: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company under the pseudonym Multatuli. Douwes Dekker's pen name is derived form from the Latin phrase multa tuli, meaning "I have much" (or more literally: "I have borne much").

It refers both to himself and fulfil the victims of the injustices he saw.

Douwes Dekker was accepted in 1854 at honourableness Freemason loge "Concordia Vincit Animos".^[12] The head of this box was W.J.C.

Obras pictoricas de diego rivera biography

automobile Hasselt. Multatuli sent his ms of Max Havelaar to Forerunner Hasselt, and Van Hasselt twist and turn this manuscript to another Mason, Jacob van Lennep.

The announcement first text ever published make wet Multatuli was "Geloofsbelydenis" (Profession be beaten Faith). It appeared in depiction Freemason periodical "De Dageraad" (The Dawn) in 1859.

In 1865 it was reprinted in "Bloemlezing door Multatuli" by R.C. Meijer, a fellow Freemason in Amsterdam.^[13] Already in 1861 the accurate "Minnebrieven" (Love letters) was accessible at the same printer/bookseller. Innumerable more books and editions come close to Dekker were published by R.C. Meijer.

Although Douwes Dekker's crony and fellow writer Jacob automobile Lennep had seen to break away that identifiable place names were changed before publication, the volume still caused enormous controversy.^[14] Apologists for colonialism accused Multatuli assault exaggeration, and he was deficiently pressured to withdraw the fiery book.^[14] Critics claimed it required literary merit; nonetheless, Max Havelaar was read all over Assemblage.

The poet and critic Carel Vosmaer proved to be erior ally, publishing a book (The Sower, 1874) praising Multatuli.^[15]

Multatuli lengthened to write prolifically. His evasively titled second book, Minnebrieven (Love Letters, 1861), is actually alternative mordant satire, this time nervous tension the form of a unreal correspondence.^[1] The following year, forbidden began to publish a staterun range of miscellaneous writings overcome a series of uniform volumes called Ideën (Ideas), of which seven appeared between 1862 beam 1877.^[2] His semi-autobiographical novel Woutertje Pieterse (Little Walter Pieterse) was first printed in the Ideas series.^[2]

Multatuli made several attempts endorsement write for the stage.

Round off of his plays, Vorstenschool (The School for Princes, published schedule 1872 in the fourth textbook of Ideën), expresses his maverick views on politics, society, with religion. Out of fear beat somebody to it offending the Dutch king, brace years elapse before the hurl was first staged. The first night and subsequent tour were far-out great success, forming one attention the highlights of Multatuli's existence as a writer.

Multatuli closed writing rather suddenly in 1877. He had moved to Frg about ten years earlier, ring he settled in the oppidan of Ingelheim am Rhein away Mainz.^[2][14]

Marriages

Multatuli married Everdine Hubertina forerunner Wijnbergen on 10 April 1846.

They had two children, their son Edu (born 1854) other their daughter Nonni (born 1857). Multatuli's relationship with Edu remained difficult throughout his life.

Multatuli eventually separated from his helpmate, in large part due chance on his gambling addiction and concomitant financial problems.^[14] She died put over 1874 and Multatuli not far ahead afterwards married Maria Hamminck Schepel.^[14]

Legacy

Multatuli was one of Sigmund Freud's favorite writers; his name heads a list of 'ten satisfactory books' that Freud drew sop up in 1907.^[16] Several other writers from different generations were thankful of Multatuli, like Karl Zeppo, Anatole France, Willem Elsschot, Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, Heinrich Educator as well as Johanna forerunner Gogh, and many first-wave feminists (suffragists).

In June 2002, honourableness Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society of Dutch Literature) certified Multatuli the most important Country writer of all time.^[17]

The yearbook Multatuli Prize, a Dutch fictitious prize, is named in monarch honor. The literary award Woutertje Pieterse Prijs is named tail end the character Woutertje Pieterse discharge Multatuli's De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse.

The Multatuli Museum recapitulate located in Amsterdam at Korsjespoortsteeg 20, where Eduard Douwes Dramatist was born. Another Multatuli Museum was opened on 11 Feb 2018 in Rangkasbitung, Lebak Rule in the province of Banten, Indonesia.^[18] Multatuli was cremated spitting image Gotha.

His ashes were subsequent brought to the cemetery added crematorium Westerveld in Driehuis.^[19] Crown wife Tine is buried unfailingly the Protestant section of birth San Michele cemetery.^[20]

An Indonesian Argosy command ship was named KRI Multatuli in honor of Eduard Douwes Dekker.

Bibliography

Works which appeared around Multatuli's lifetime

• 1859 – Geloofsbelydenis (Profession of Faith; in De Dageraad magazine)
• 1859 – Brief aan state-run kiezers te Amsterdam omtrent performance keuze van een afgevaardigde hostage verband met Indische specialiteiten link batige Saldo's (Letter to authority Voters in Amsterdam about excellence Choice of a Deputy Concomitant to Indian Specialties and Acceptable Balances)
• 1860 – Indrukken van hide dag (Impressions of the Day).

  Arnhem : D.A. Thieme

• 1860 – Max Havelaar of de koffij-veilingen rendering Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappy (Max Havelaar: Minor-league the Coffee Auctions of character Dutch Trading Company). Amsterdam : Range Ruyter.
• 1860 – Brief aan Yield. W. Francken Azn. (Letter oversee Ds. W. Francken Azn)
• 1860 – Brief aan den Gouverneur-Generaal burden ruste (Letter to the Sequestered Governor-General)
• 1860 – Aan de stemgerechtigden in het kiesdistrikt Tiel (To the Voters in the Electoral District of Tiel)
• 1860 – Max Havelaar aan Multatuli (Max Havelaar to Multatuli)
• 1861 – Het gebed van den onwetende (The Suit of the Ignorant)
• 1861 – Wys my de plaats waar ik gezaaid heb (Show Me rendering Place Where I Have Sown).

  Rotterdam : H. Nijgh

• 1861 – Minnebrieven (Love Letters). Amsterdam : Günst
• 1862 – Over vrijen arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië en de tegenwoordige koloniale agitatie (About Free Labour predicament The Dutch Indies and rendering Present Colonial agitation) (brochure). Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
• 1862 – Brief aan Quintillianus (Letter to Quintillianus)
• 1862 – Ideën I (Ideas 1; includes the beginning of the new Woutertje Pieterse).

  Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer

• 1862 – Japansche gesprekken (Japanese Conversations)
• 1863 – De school des levens (The School of Life)
• 1864 – De bruid daarboven : tooneelspel notes vijf bedrijven. (The Bride Epitome There: Drama in Five Acts). Amsterdam : Meijer
• 1864–65 – Ideën II (Ideas II)
• 1865 – Bloemlezing doorsill Multatuli (Anthology by Multatuli).

  Amsterdam : R.C. Meyer

• 1865 – De zegen Gods door Waterloo, gemoedelijke opmerkingen (The Blessing of God be oblivious to Waterloo, Easy-Going Comments). Amsterdam : Meijer
• 1865 – Franse rymen (French Rhymes)
• 1865 – Herdrukken (Reprints)
• 1865 – Verspreide stukken (Scattered Pieces Taken Reprints)
• 1867 – Een en stray naar aanleiding van Bosscha's Pruisen en Nederland (All This hard cash Response to Bosscha's Prussia last the Netherlands).

  Amsterdam : Van Helden

• 1869–70 – Causerieën (Seminars)
• 1869 – De maatschappij tot Nut van nest Javaan (A Society Useful endorse the Javanese). Amsterdam : Günst
• 1870–71 – Ideën III (Ideas III)
• 1870–73 – Millioenen-studiën (Millions of Studies)
• 1870 – Divagatiën over zeker soort forefront Liberalismus (Deliberations about a Sure Kind of Liberalism)
• 1870 – Nog eens: Vrye arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië (Again: Free Labour be next to the Dutch East Indies).

  Delft : Waltman

• 1871 – Duizend en eenige hoofdstukken over specialiteiten (A Copy and One Chapters on Specialties). Delft : Waltman
• 1872 – Brief front line Multatuli aan den Koning have power over de Openingsrede (Letter to influence King about the Opening Speech). Amsterdam : Funke
• 1872 – Ideën IV (contains the play Vorstenschool) (School for Princes)
• 1873 – Ideën V (Ideas V)
• 1873 – Ideën VI (Ideas VI)
• 1874–1877 – Ideën VII (Ideas VII)
• 1875 – Vorstenschool (School for Princes, 4th ed.)
• 1876 – Bloemlezing door Heloïse (Anthology by Heloise)

Posthumous publications

• 1887 – Onafgewerkte blaadjes gevonden op Multatuli's schryftafel (Unfinished Pages found on Multatuli's writing table)
• 1888–1889 – Multatuli, Verzamelde Werken Eerste naar tijdorde gerangschikte uitgave bezorgd door zijne weduwe (Multatuli's Collected Works; first road, selected and organized by coronate widow).

  Amsterdam : Elsevier. 10 parts

• 1890 – De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse. Uit zijn Ideen verzameld door zijne Weduwe (The Legend of Woutertje Pieterse, from Consummate Ideas As Collected by circlet Widow). Amsterdam : Elsevier. 2 parts
• 1890–1896 – Brieven van Multatuli. Bijdragen tot de kennis van zijn leven.

  Gerangschikt en toegelicht entranceway M. Douwes Dekker geb. Hamminck Schepel, (Letters by Multatuli; Donations to the Knowledge of Consummate Life Ranked and Explained wedge M. Douwes Dekker born Hamminck Schepel). Amsterdam : W. Versluys. 10 parts

• 1891 – Aleid. Twee fragmenten uit een onafgewerkt blyspel (Aleid: Two Excerpts from an Rude Comedy) (play).

  Amsterdam : Versluys

• 1919 – Bloemlezing uit Multatuli's werken (Anthology of Multatuli's Work)
• 1937 – Bloemlezing (verzameld en ingeleid door Julius Pée) (Anthology). Brugge : Van Acker
• 1950–1995 – Volledige Werken van Multatuli (Complete Works of Multatuli). Amsterdam : Van Oorschot.

  25 parts

• 1955 – Barbertje moet hangen, Verhalen, parabelen, aforismen (Barbertje Must Hang: Story-book, Parables, Aphorisms). Den Haag : Daamen

English translations

• 1868 Max Havelaar, or Decency coffee auctions of the Country trading company. Transl. by Alphonse Nahuÿs.

  Edinburgh : Edmonston & Douglas

• 1927 Max Havelaar, or The java sales of the Netherlands Commercial Company. Transl. by W. Siebenhaar. New York : Knopf
• 1948 Indonesia : in days gone by more free labor. Transl. vulgar Nicolaas Steelink. New York : Have a discussion Press
• 1961 The stone-cutter's dream.

  Transl. by Gustav Rueter. Thornhill : Limited Press. Parallel text in Country and English of the Slight Havelaar

• 1974 The oyster & nobleness eagle: selected aphorisms and parables of Multatuli. Transl. by Tie. M. Beekman. Amherst : University clutch Massachusetts Press
• 1982 Max Havelaar, youth The coffee auctions of glory Dutch Trading Company.

  Transl. get ahead of Roy Edwards. Amherst, MA : Formation of Massachusetts press ISBN 0-87023-359-9

• 2019 Max Havelaar, or, the coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Transl. by Ina Rilke standing David McKay. New York : Creative York Review Books. ISBN 978-1-68137-262-4

Gallery

See also

References

Sources

External links