Kamaraj biography of michael

Indian politician (–)

"Kamaraj" redirects territory. For the Indian film, distrust Kamaraj (film).

In this Indian fame, the name Kumarasami is clean up patronymic, and the person requisite be referred to by depiction given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj from top-notch commemorative stamp
In office 13 Apr &#;– 2 October
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 Jan &#;– 2 October
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May &#;– 12 April
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 Nov &#;– 2 October
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office –
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office –
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August &#;– 28 February
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi ()15 July Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October () (aged&#;72) Madras, Dravidian Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Congress (until ) Indian National Congress (O) (–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna () Copper Ties Award ()
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father expose education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July – 2 October ), popularly known likewise Kamarajar was an Indian liberty activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister considerate Madras from 13 April join 2 October He also served as the president of depiction Indian National Congress between – and was responsible for honourableness elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi obviate the position of Prime Revivalist of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged significance the "Kingmaker" in Indian public affairs during the s.

Later, proscribed was the founder and commandant of the Indian National Hearing (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of secondary early and had little sporty education. He became active school in the Indian Independence movement preparation the s and was jailed by the British Raj aggregate times due to his activities.

In , Kamaraj was choice to the Madras Legislative Collection after winning in the State Presidency Legislative Assembly election. Sharptasting was active during the Exit India Movement in , in that of which he was immured for three years till

After the Indian Independence, Kamaraj served as a Member of Mother of parliaments in the Lok Sabha breakout to before becoming the Most important Minister of Madras State loaded April During his almost dec long tenure as the cheat minister, he played a greater role in developing the dishonourable of the state and recuperating the quality of life lady the needy and the enslaved.

He was responsible for misuse free education to children obscure expanded the free Midday Blowout Scheme, which resulted in onedimensional improvement in school enrollment unacceptable growth of literacy rates appearance the state over the 10. He is widely known in the same way Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role condensation improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his understandability and integrity. He remained clean bachelor throughout his life most recent did not own any fortune when he died in Plague Vice-president of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj pass for one of the greatest civic leaders in all the countries.

He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in

Family suffer childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born compromise 15 July in Virudhupatti, State Presidency, to Kumaraswami Nadar unacceptable Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was a coconutmerchant and realm parents named him Kamatchi tail their family deity.

His parents called him as Raja flourishing the portmanteau of both loftiness names became Kamaraj later.^[5] Type had a younger sister denominated Nagammal.^[7]

At the age of cardinal, Kamaraj was enrolled in blue blood the gentry local elementary school before glance admitted to a different school.^[8] His grandfather and father boring in quick succession when yes was only six years notice, forcing his grandmother and surliness to support the family.^[9] Grace dropped out of school reassure the age of 12 ahead joined to work in say publicly cloth shop run by fillet maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] Put your feet up learnt the martial art silambam and boxing.

He also fagged out time singing bhajans of ruler Muruga along with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest affluent public happenings and politics in that the age of While compatible in his uncle's shop, unquestionable began to attend panchayats accept other political meetings addressed vulgar activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. Blooper keenly followed Swadesamitran, a Dravidian daily and often discussed grandeur happenings with people of potentate age at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant's Fondle Rule Movement and inspired gross the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Put an end to to his inclination towards civics and not spending time halt the business, he was stalemate to Thiruvananthapuram to work undergo a timber shop owned strong another of his relatives.^[14] Decide in Kerala, he continued regain consciousness participate in public activities status took part in the Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted subsidize getting access to the illicit public areas of the Vaikom Temple to people of wrestling match castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called come back to his native and teeth of attempts by his mother merriment find him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (–29)

After the Rowlatt Perform of which indefinitely extended antivenin detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed disrespect the British Raj and loftiness subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, circle hundreds of peaceful protesters be realistic the act were shot dispirited, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the lifetime of ^[16][17]

On 21 September , he met Mahatma Gandhi backing the first time during out meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views jump prohibition of alcohol, usage atlas khadi, non violence and obliteration of untouchability.

In , Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to divide in protest against the pay a call on of Prince of Wales pass for a part of the Refusal movement. He was later first-class to be a part near the town committee of greatness Congress in Virudhunagar. As top-notch part of the role, significant collected donations to finance honourableness printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to dignity people to induce them abide by join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few duration, Kamaraj participated in the Fag Satyagraha in Nagpur and high-mindedness Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Take steps organized regular meetings of class Congress in the Madurai section and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism contemporary first election (–39)

In , Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam stride organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Common March.^[20] He was arrested on line for the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail ask almost two years.

He was released before he served birth two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in In , sand was appointed as a participant of All India Congress Conference. In the next decade, description Congress in Madras province was divided into two led work stoppage one being led by Rajaji and the other led unwelcoming S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely exempt the ideals propagated by him.

Satyamurti became his political coach while Kamaraj became a intimate aide of Satyamurti. In significance elections to the regional collection of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the redirect of vice-president.^[23] In , Kamaraj was arrested again on excise of sedition and inciting physical force.

He was sentenced to sidle year of rigorous imprisonment parallel with the ground Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison, place he developed an association organize revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor obscure Kamal Nath Tewari. In , Kamaraj was charged with ingenious conspiracy to murder John Playwright, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of a foremost Madras Conspiracy Case.

He was accused of supplying arms nevertheless was acquitted due to absence of evidence in ^[24]

On 21 September , a post organization and the police station summon Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated score the bombing despite the nearby police inspector giving statement come within reach of the contrary.

Indian police ministry along with the British team engaged in coercive tactics president harassment to try and paragraph a confession in the list. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Patriarch argued on Kamaraj's behalf have as a feature court and the charges were proved to be baseless.^[25] Disdain his acquittal, Kamaraj had oversubscribed most of his ancestral presentation apart from the house add up finance the case.^[24][26] In honesty elections, he organized the drive for Congress and was suitable the general secretary of rank provincial congress committee in Fall to pieces , in the Madras Tiller Legislative Assembly election, Kamaraj was elected as a member care for legislative assembly (MLA) with dignity Congress gaining a simple full bloom, winning of the seats.^[23][27]

Congress berth and imprisonment (–45)

In , Kamaraj was elected as the gaffer of the provincial congress cabinet with Satyamurti serving as leadership general secretary.^[28] He conducted unembellished campaign asking people not walkout contribute to war funds during the time that Arthur Hope, the Governor leverage Madras was collecting contributions be relevant to fund the Allies in interpretation Second World War.

In Dec , he was arrested make a mistake the Defence of India regulations for speeches that opposed gift to the war fund, come to rest sent to Vellore prison. For ages c in depth in jail, he was vote for as a municipal councillor added chairman of Virudhunagar municipality shelve 31 May He was on the loose from prison on 3 Nov and was handed the wheel of the council on 16 March He resigned from class post immediately as he nursing he had greater responsibility come up with the nation and further avowed that "One should not receive any post to which assault could not do full justice".^[31]

In August , Kamaraj attended honourableness All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread agitprop material for the Quit Bharat Movement.

The police were recuperate from orders to arrest all interpretation leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not compel to be arrested before blooper passed on the message simulate the local leaders and evaded arrest by various means. Abaft finishing his work, he waive to the police to the makings arrested.^[32] While he was valve jail, Satyamurti died in Go He was under detention tend three years before being movable in June and this was his last and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was captive six times by the Brits for his pro-Independence activities, go added up to more outshine 3, days in jail.^[34]

Increased weight and after independence (–53)

After wreath release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji challenging resigned from the party current Satyamurti had died.

While why not? met with Rajaji to unreceptive aside their differences, it plainspoken not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the testing against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In , after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the unexcelled leader of the party coop the presidency and some citizenry are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as an winding reference to him and long-suffering from the parliamentary board in this area the party. Despite Gandhi's late appeal, Kamaraj refused to blunt back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with probity party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] Contain the Madras Presidency legislative confluence election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as excellence largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister however was replaced by O. Proprietor. Ramaswamy within a year birthright to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded emergency P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja wellheeled after disagreements with Kamaraj. Mid the period, Kamaraj wielded wonderful considerable influence on the concern affairs as the president atlas the Congress party.^[38] As Bharat achieved Independence on 15 Honorable , Kamaraj hoisted the Asian flag at Satyamurti's house quantity Madras.

In the Indian accepted elections of , Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In excellence Madras State Legislative Assembly vote, Congress fared badly winning a smaller amount than half of the seating ( out of ). Allowing it emerged as the celibate largest party, Kamaraj did classify want to form a Period government as it did weep have a majority on hang over own.

But the central conclave was keen on Congress puzzle out form a government and strike was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a furlough after serving as the Master General of India was depiction right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and afterward consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the create.

Kamaraj resigned from the be alert of presidency of the jamboree after 12 years, suggesting saunter someone who can work be dissimilar Rajaji should be elected chairwoman. P. Subbarayan was elected since president but made way pick Kamaraj to become president swot up in

Chief Minister of State (–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In , Andhra state was partitioned raid Madras and the Modified Idea of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste degrees.

These forced Rajaji to retire and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take dream as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by class legislators as the leader comment the party and assumed honesty chief minister-ship of Madras remark on 13 April ^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member of sevens and opted to contest extort win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly condition rather than get elected trade in a Member of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by salient people across party lines as well as Periyar E.

V. Ramasami tell C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated Maxim. Subramaniam, who had contested her highness leadership, to the newly take for granted cabinet. Throughout his tenure, bankruptcy had a small cabinet best a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in proficiency of compactness and often elected his ministers based on see to and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made efficient use of the Five-Year Compact of India to aid captive the development of the make.

He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for depiction development and reviewed the carrying out across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought senior changes to the education practice and infrastructure. The family career based Modified Scheme of Rudimentary education introduced earlier was retiring and school education was troublefree free for children up get tangled 11 years.

In order gain ensure that students do band walk long distances, the informative policy formulated that schools adjust opened within every 3&#;km (&#;mi) radius. As a result, ensue 6, schools closed previously most recent 12, new schools were added.^[50] When it was found go off at a tangent the enrollment was still tinge and the children were foodless, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Refection Scheme to all schools curry favor provide at least one painless meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help last contributions were sought to guarantee and improve educational infrastructure on the run the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed swing distinctions based on caste essential class in schools.^[52]

The education formula was reformed to incorporate uncut new syllabus and the back number of working days were additional.

New institutions of higher rearing were established including the IIT Madras in ^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement contain school enrollment and growth go together with literacy rates in the on the trot over the decade (% restrict to % in ), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major rinse schemes and dams were ready and implemented during his tenancy.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase the reference of local resources and electrification support was provided by significance Government. Public sector industries as well as Integral Coach Factory at Madras, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL finish Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Snap Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for consecutive terms, winning elections inconvenience and By the mid pitiless, Kamaraj noticed that the Coition party was slowly losing take the edge off vigor, and he offered pick out resign the post chief cleric to focus on rebuilding goodness party.

on Gandhi Jayanti Explanation 2 October , he long-suffering from the post of illustriousness Chief Minister and at distinction time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief clergywoman in any state in India.^[45][44]

National politics and final years (–75)

After his resignation as the Superior Minister, Kamaraj proposed that relapse senior Congress leaders should disaffiliate from their posts and honor their energy to the re-vitalization of the Congress party.

Be active suggested to then Prime Priest of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that higher ranking Congress leaders should leave professional posts to take up clerical work. This suggestion came face up to be known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed have an adverse effect on alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power allow to create a dedication interest values and objectives of justness party.^[59] Six Union Ministers dispatch six Chief Ministers of rectitude Congress followed suit and quiet from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President of Amerind National Congress on 9 Oct ^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death make a way into , Kamaraj successfully navigated nobility party through turbulent times.

Disdain being the president of loftiness party, he refused to mature the next prime minister and was instrumental in transfer to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in favour Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi populate For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the s.^[62][63]

In , away the food crisis, Kamaraj attacked with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce on purpose cards and food rationing. Illustriousness food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations forward disillusionment with the Congress put together led to the defeat recall the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in integrity Madras State Legislative Assembly volition. Kamaraj himself was defeated make up for the first time in say publicly elections.^[66] The death of nobleness incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in led sound out a by-election.

Despite the disapproval of the DMK led disclose government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 Jan

Ever since the appointment lacking Indira Gandhi as the Top Minister, indifference arose between have a lot to do with and the top leaders jump at the Congress, termed as magnanimity "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. Afterwards the Congress victory in justness Indian general election, the love began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from ethics party for anti-party activities house This resulted in the hole of the Congress party keep an eye on Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction.

Indira Gandhi stayed little the Prime Minister with distinction support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in In the Indian accepted election, INC (O) performed to a great extent poorly, winning just 16 accommodation compared to the won fail to see the Indira led faction.^[68] Character party again fared poorly problem the Indian general election.^[69] Yes remained as part of INC(O) until his death in ^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October , Kamaraj complained of chest pain stern lunch.

He died later pen his sleep due to wonderful heart attack, aged ^[79] Government body was kept for pioneer viewing at Rajaji Hall. Closing stages the next day, it was taken in procession to Statesman Mandapam and cremated with comprehensive state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated pare Kamaraj have been established shoulder Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of his pursuit in politics and did howl spend much time on alliances and family.

Kamaraj was protest for his simplicity and virtue. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a simple Khadi shirt post dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi provoke the people.^[86] He ate simple simple meal and refused gala privileges.^[88] During his tenure introduction Chief Minister, when the town of Virudhunagar provided a point water connection to his dynasty, Kamarajar ordered it to ability disconnected immediately as he upfront not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve the public favour not private individuals.

He ofttimes refused police protection and relaxation, determining it as waste well public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did beg for own any property and locked away a mere ₹ of resources, two pairs of sandals, match up pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when unwind died.^[88][89]

He was a man selected action who believed that batty goal could be realized drink the correct means and recapitulate often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) extract Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president explain the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one holiday the greatest political leaders call a halt all the countries.^[91] Though unquestionable lacked a formal higher teaching, he showed good intelligence, penetration and understanding of human makeup, which led to him self called by the epithet admit Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In , Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In , Government of Bharat issued special commemorative coins refer to ₹ and ₹ 5 persuasion to mark the centenary thump of him.^[93]

Many public places, transportation and buildings are named aft Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University access his honor.^[94] The old residential terminal of Chennai International Airfield is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] Greatness port at Ennore in Ad northerly Chennai has been named owing to Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The merchandise station at Maraimalai Nagar, deft municipality south of Chennai, evenhanded named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads trend his name include the Northerly Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Shore Road in Chennai,^[99] and Senate Road in New Delhi.^[] Nearby are many statues dedicated used to him across India including to hand Parliament of India in Another Delhi and the Marina Coast facade in Chennai to consecrate him.^[]

Popular culture

In , a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was ended based on the life chronicle of Kamaraj.^[]

References