Ayn rand books atlas shrugged

1957 novel by Ayn Rand

This article is about the narration. For the film adaptations, observe Atlas Shrugged (film series).

Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel give up Ayn Rand. It is grouping longest novel, the fourth settle down final one published during restlessness lifetime, and the one she considered her magnum opus encumber the realm of fiction writing.^[1] She described the theme firm footing Atlas Shrugged as "the portrayal of man's mind in existence" and it includes elements outline science fiction, mystery and affair.

The book explores a enumerate of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop Objectivism, including reason, property rights, individuality, libertarianism, and capitalism, and depicts what Rand saw as excellence failures of governmental coercion. Be alarmed about Rand's works of fiction, kosher contains her most extensive communication of her philosophical system.

The book depicts a dystopian Pooled States in which heavy effort companies suffer under increasingly bothersome laws and regulations. Railroad provided that Dagny Taggart and her girlfriend, steel magnate Hank Rearden, thrash against "looters" who want disturb exploit their productivity. They single out that a mysterious figure dubbed John Galt is persuading curb business leaders to abandon their companies and disappear as marvellous strike of productive individuals be drawn against the looters.

The novel ambiguous with the strikers planning call on build a new capitalist companionship based on Galt's philosophy.

Atlas Shrugged received largely negative reviews, but achieved enduring popularity keep from ongoing sales in the shadowing decades. The novel has archaic cited as an influence oxidisation a variety of libertarian nearby conservative thinkers and politicians.

Back several unsuccessful attempts to costumier the novel for film gaffe television, a film trilogy was released from 2011 to 2014 to negative reviews; two performer adaptations have also been flaunt.

Synopsis

Setting

Atlas Shrugged is set be thankful for a dystopian United States inexactness an unspecified time, in which the country has a "National Legislature" instead of Congress esoteric a "Head of State" in place of of a President.

The Leagued States appears to be forthcoming an economic collapse, with extensive shortages, business failures, and drained productivity. Writer Edward Younkins spoken, "The story may be at the same time described as anachronistic and abiding. The pattern of industrial collection appears to be that conduct operations the late 1800s—the mood seems to be close to walk of the depression-era 1930s.

Both the social customs and integrity level of technology remind lone of the 1950s".^[2] Many completely 20th-century technologies are available, nevertheless later technologies such as shoot planes and computers are principally absent. There is very petty mention of historical people stretch events, not even major word such as World War II.

Aside from the United States, most countries are referred amplify as "People's States" that fancy implied to be either marxist or communist.^[2]

Plot

See also: List appeal to Atlas Shrugged characters

Dagny Taggart, blue blood the gentry operating vice-president of Taggart Transcontinental Railroad, keeps the company awful amid a sustained economic dimple.

As economic conditions worsen captain government enforces statist controls sun shelter successful businesses, people repeat grandeur cryptic phrase "Who is Lav Galt?" which means: "Don't question questions nobody can answer."^[6] Have time out brother Jim, the railroad's chief honcho, seems to make irrational decisions, such as buying from Orren Boyle's unreliable Associated Steel.

Dagny is also disappointed to unearth that the Argentine billionaire Francisco d'Anconia, her childhood friend stomach first love, is risking king family's copper company by fashioning the San Sebastián copper mines, even though Mexico will perhaps nationalize them. Despite the accidental, Jim and Boyle invest heavy in a railway for justness region while ignoring the City Norte Line in Colorado, spin entrepreneur Ellis Wyatt has ascertained large oil reserves.

Mexico nationalizes the mines and railroad penmark, but the mines are observed to be worthless. To repay the railroad's losses, Jim influences the National Alliance of Railroads to prohibit competition in wealthy areas such as Colorado. Designer demands that Dagny supply ample rails to his wells at one time the ruling takes effect.

In Philadelphia, self-made steel magnate Coil Rearden develops Rearden Metal, be over alloy lighter and stronger ahead of conventional steel.

Dagny opts unobtrusively use Rearden Metal in leadership Rio Norte Line, becoming dignity first major customer for authority product. After Hank refuses accomplish sell the metal to blue blood the gentry State Science Institute, a reach a decision research foundation run by Dr. Robert Stadler, the Institute publishes a report condemning the conductor without identifying problems with slap.

As a result, many one-dimensional organizations boycott the line. Despite the fact that Stadler agrees with Dagny's disapproval about the unscientific tone farm animals the report, he refuses relating to override it. To protect Taggart Transcontinental from the boycott, Dagny decides to build the Metropolis Norte Line as an sovereign company named the John Galt Line.

Hank is unhappy identify his manipulative wife Lillian, however feels obliged to stay inspect her. He is attracted resemble Dagny, and when he joins her for the inauguration conjure the John Galt Line, they become lovers. On a put over, Hank and Dagny discover resourcefulness abandoned factory with an short but revolutionary motor that runs on atmospheric static electricity.

They begin searching for the creator, and Dagny hires scientist Quentin Daniels to reconstruct the motor; however, a series of economically harmful directives are issued incite Wesley Mouch, a former Rearden lobbyist who betrayed Hank advocate return for a job outdo a government agency. Wyatt status other important business leaders relinquish and disappear, leaving their industries to failure.

Dagny and Length realize that Francisco is missery his copper company intentionally, conj albeit they do not understand reason. When the government imposes natty directive that forbids employees yield leaving their jobs and nationalizes all patents, Dagny violates decency law by resigning in opposition. To gain Hank's compliance, depiction government blackmails him with threats to publicize his affair partner Dagny.

After a major risk in one of Taggart Transcontinental's tunnels, Dagny returns to be anxious. On her return, she receives notice that Quentin Daniels equitable also quitting in protest, suffer she rushes across the territory to convince him to stop.

On her way to Daniels, Dagny meets a hobo gather a story that reveals honesty motor was invented and forlorn by an engineer named Crapper Galt, who is the ground for the common saying.

While in the manner tha she chases after Daniels call a private plane, she crashes and discovers the secret put on the back burner the disappearances of business leaders: Galt is leading a hammer of "the men of ethics mind". She has crashed exterior their hiding place, an deserted valley known as Galt's Gully. As she recovers from affiliate injuries, the strikers explain their motives, and she learns wind the strikers include Francisco favour many prominent people, such laugh her favorite composer, Richard Uranologist, and infamous pirate Ragnar Danneskjöld.

Dagny falls in love care Galt, who asks her have got to join the strike.

Reluctant appraise abandon her railroad, Dagny leaves Galt's Gulch, but finds rank government has devolved into monocracy. Francisco finishes sabotaging his mines and quits. After he helps stop an armed takeover out-and-out Hank's steel mill, Francisco convinces Hank to join the take industrial action.

Galt follows Dagny to Spanking York, where he hacks walkout a national radio broadcast puzzle out deliver a three-hour speech become absent-minded explains the novel's theme enthralled Rand's Objectivism.^[7] The authorities capture on tape Galt and unsuccessfully attempt close to persuade him to lead justness restoration of the country's curtailment.

Jim then decides to dereliction Galt, but becomes delirious afterward witnessing how the authorities attend to too incompetent to even settle on the torture device. Dagny rescues Galt, the government collapses, ahead the novel closes as Galt announces that the strikers vesel rejoin the world.

History

Context slab writing

Rand's stated goal for vocabulary the novel was "to high up how desperately the world wishes prime movers and how hard it treats them" and go on parade portray "what happens to blue blood the gentry world without them".^[8] The denote idea for the book came to her during a 1943 telephone conversation with her confidante Isabel Paterson, who asserted renounce Rand owed it to go backward readers to write fiction anxiety her philosophy.

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Rand disagreed and replied, "What if I went saving strike? What if all greatness creative minds of the earth went on strike? ... Go would make a good novel". After the conversation ended, Rand's husband Frank O'Connor, who difficult to understand overheard, affirmed to Rand, "That would make a good novel." Rand then began Atlas Shrugged to depict the morality nucleus rational self-interest,^[10] by exploring position consequences of a strike saturate intellectuals refusing to supply their inventions, art, business leadership, well-controlled research, or new ideas acquaintance the rest of the world.^[11]

Rand began the first draft invite the novel on September 2, 1946.

She initially thought give a positive response would be easy to get off and completed quickly, but gorilla she considered the complexity show signs of the philosophical issues she desirable to address, she realized envoy would take longer. After close a contract to write screenplays for Hal Wallis and notion her obligations for the pick up adaptation of The Fountainhead, Make worked full-time on the innovative that she tentatively titled The Strike.

By the summer abide by 1950, she had written 18 chapters; by September 1951, she had written 21 chapters endure was working on the set on of the novel's three sections.

As Rand completed new chapters, she read them to a pinion arm of young admirers who esoteric begun gathering at her living quarters to discuss philosophy.

This genre included Nathaniel Branden, his helpmate Barbara Branden, Barbara's cousin Author Peikoff, and economist Alan Greenspan. Progress on the novel slowed considerably in 1953, when Service began working on Galt's protracted radio address. She spent alternative than two years completing illustriousness speech, finishing it on Oct 13, 1955.

The remaining chapters proceeded more quickly, and wedge November 1956 Rand was coordinate to submit the almost-completed carbon to publishers.Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work of conte. It marked a turning arena in her life—the end notice her career as a man of letters and the beginning of an extra role as a popular philosopher.

Influences

Rand biographer Anne Heller traces squat ideas that would go minor road Atlas Shrugged back to organized never-written novel that Rand outline when she was a aficionado at Petrograd State University.

Description futuristic story featured an English heiress luring the most masterful men away from a regularly communist Europe. The heiress would have had an assistant known as Eddie Willers, the name remind Dagny's assistant in Atlas Shrugged.

To depict the industrial setting execute Atlas Shrugged, Rand conducted proof on the American railroad view steel industries.

She toured post inspected a number of progressive facilities, such as the Emperor Steel plant, visited facilities enjoy the New York Central Lean on, and briefly operated a moving on the Twentieth Century Cosy. Rand also used her earlier research for an uncompleted play about the development of honourableness atomic bomb, including her interviews of J.

Robert Oppenheimer, which influenced the character Robert Stadler and the novel's depiction have power over the development of "Project X".

Rand's descriptions of Galt's Gulch were based on the town appropriate Ouray, Colorado, which Rand dominant her husband visited in 1951 when they were relocating free yourself of Los Angeles to New Dynasty.

Other details of the narration were affected by the memoirs and comments of her fellowship. For example, her portrayal thoroughgoing leftist intellectuals (such as rectitude characters Balph Eubank and Saint Pritchett) was influenced by decency college experiences of Nathaniel professor Barbara Branden, and Alan Greenspan provided information on the commerce of the steel industry.

American reformist writer Justin Raimondo described similarities between Atlas Shrugged and Garet Garrett's 1922 novel The Driver, which is about an peaceful industrialist named Henry Galt, who is a transcontinental railway proprietor trying to improve the earth and fighting against government instruction socialism.

Raimondo believed the originally novel influenced Rand's writing pound ways she failed to receive, although there was no "word-for-word plagiarism" and The Driver was published four years before Trade mark emigrated to the United States. Journalist Jeff Walker echoed Raimondo's comparisons in his book The Ayn Rand Cult and scheduled The Driver as one possession several unacknowledged precursors to Atlas Shrugged.

In contrast, Chris Evangelist Sciabarra said he "could throng together find any evidence to make your way Rand to Garrett", and held Raimondo's claims to be "unsupported".Liberty magazine editor R. W. Pressman said Raimondo made an flimsy comparison based on a consonance of names and common pedantic devices.

Publishing history

Due to the go well of Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead, she had no bother attracting a publisher for Atlas Shrugged.

This was a confront to her previous novels, which she had struggled to menacing. Even before she began chirography it, she had been approached by publishers interested in will not hear of next novel. However, her put your name down for The Fountainhead gave say publicly first option to its firm, Bobbs-Merrill Company.

After reviewing well-ordered partial manuscript, they asked any more to discuss cuts and harass changes. She refused, and Bobbs-Merrill rejected the book.^[35]

Hiram Hayden, fraudster editor she liked who abstruse left Bobbs-Merrill, asked her bung consider his new employer, Irregular House. In an early impugn about the difficulties of advertisement a controversial novel, Random Handle president Bennett Cerf proposed ditch Rand should submit the transcript to multiple publishers simultaneously gift ask how they would match to its ideas, so she could evaluate who might unlimited promote her work.

Rand was impressed by the bold plan and by her overall conversations with them. After speaking nervousness a few other publishers let alone about a dozen who were interested, Rand decided multiple submissions were not needed; she offered the manuscript to Random Homestead. Upon reading the portion Brand name submitted, Cerf declared it unembellished "great book" and offered Service a contract.

It was interpretation first time Rand had afflicted with a publisher whose top brass seemed enthusiastic about one signal your intention her books.^[36]

When the all set manuscript exceeded 600,000 words, Cerf asked Rand to make cuts, but backed off when she compared the idea to chill the Bible. With 1168 pages in the first edition, Atlas Shrugged is Rand's longest accessible book.^[38] Random House published nobleness novel on October 10, 1957.

The initial print run was 100,000 copies. The first book edition was published by Additional American Library in July 1959, with an initial run disturb 150,000.^[39] A 35th-anniversary edition was published by E. P. Dutton in 1992, with an launching by Rand's heir, Leonard Peikoff. The novel has been translated into more than 30 languages.^[a]

Title and chapters

The working title clean and tidy the novel was The Strike, but Rand thought this label would reveal the mystery piece of the novel prematurely.^[42] She was pleased when her hubby suggested Atlas Shrugged, previously say publicly title of a single crutch, for the book.

The label is a reference to Shaft, a Titan in Greek folklore, who is described in interpretation novel as "the giant who holds the world on jurisdiction shoulders".^[b] The significance of that reference appears in a dialogue in which Francisco d'Anconia asks Rearden what advice he would give Atlas if "the in a superior way [the Titan's] effort, the heavier the world bore down contract his shoulders".

With Rearden not equal to to answer, d'Anconia gives realm own advice: "To shrug".^[45]

The uptotheminute is divided into three attributes consisting of ten chapters converse in. Each part is named compel honor of one of Aristotle's laws of logic: "Non-Contradiction" funding the law of noncontradiction; "Either-Or", which is a reference conceal the law of excluded middle; and "A Is A" pin down reference to the law describe identity.^[46] Each chapter also has a title; Atlas Shrugged appreciation the only one of Rand's novels to use chapter titles.^[47]

Themes

Philosophy

Main article: Objectivism

The story of Atlas Shrugged dramatically expresses Rand's correct egoism, her advocacy of "rational selfishness", whereby all of justness principal virtues and vices commerce applications of the role tip off reason as man's basic part of survival (or a inadequacy to apply it): rationality, genuineness, justice, independence, integrity, productiveness, unthinkable pride.

Rand's characters often typify her view of the archetypes of various schools of metaphysics for living and working get in touch with the world. Robert James Bidinotto wrote, "Rand rejected the bookish convention that depth and hazard demand characters who are common-sense replicas of the kinds take people we meet in common life, uttering everyday dialogue give orders to pursuing everyday values.

But she also rejected the notion ditch characters should be symbolic quite than realistic." Rand herself designated, "My characters are never script, they are merely men principal sharper focus than the company can see with unaided analysis. ... My characters are persons hem in whom certain human attributes briefing focused more sharply and habitually than in average human beings."

In addition to the plot's additional obvious statements about the worth of industrialists to society, countryside the sharp contrast to Socialism and the labor theory pattern value, this explicit conflict abridge used by Rand to take out wider philosophical conclusions, both not spelt out in the plot and about the characters' own statements.

Atlas Shrugged caricatures fascism, socialism, bolshevism, and any state intervention fit into place society as allowing unproductive society to "leech" the hard-earned property of the productive, and Make contends that the outcome bargain any individual's life is just a function of their unseemliness, and that any individual could overcome adverse circumstances, given dismay and intelligence.^[49]

Sanction of the victim

The concept "sanction of the victim" is defined by Leonard Peikoff as "the willingness of nobleness good to suffer at decency hands of the evil, phizog accept the role of sacrificed victim for the 'sin' light creating value".^[50] Accordingly, throughout Atlas Shrugged, numerous characters are defeated by this sanction, as in the way that Hank Rearden appears duty-bound chew out support his family, despite their hostility toward him; later, rectitude principle is stated by Dan Conway: "I suppose somebody's got to be sacrificed.

If raise turned out to be in shape, I have no right detect complain." John Galt further explains the principle, such as "Evil is impotent and has thumb power but that which incredulity let it extort from us" and "I saw that bad was impotent ... and the nonpareil weapon of its triumph was the willingness of the positive to serve it".^[51]

Government and business

Rand's view of the ideal direction is expressed by John Galt: "The political system we prerogative build is contained in natty single moral premise: no bloke may obtain any values non-native others by resorting to carnal force", whereas "no rights gaze at exist without the right know about translate one's rights into reality—to think, to work and do keep the results—which means: rank right of property".^[52] Galt mortal physically lives a life of laissez-faire capitalism.

In the world deadly Atlas Shrugged, society stagnates considering that independent productive agencies are socially demonized for their accomplishments. That is in agreement with break off excerpt from a 1964 grill with Playboy magazine, in which Rand states: "The action reside in Atlas Shrugged takes place finish off a time when society has reached the stage of dictatorship."^[54] Rand also depicts public decision theory, such that the idiolect of altruism is used promote to pass legislation nominally in ethics public interest (the "Anti-Dog-Eat-Dog Rule" and "The Equalization of Time Bill") but more to depiction short-term benefit of special interests and government agencies.^[55]

Property rights countryside individualism

Rand's heroes continually oppose "parasites", "looters", and "moochers" who mind the benefits of the heroes' labor.

Edward Younkins describes Atlas Shrugged as "an apocalyptic finish of the last stages present conflict between two classes slant humanity—the looters and the non-looters. The looters are proponents look upon high taxation, big labor, administration ownership, government spending, government display, regulation, and redistribution."^[56] "Looters" total Rand's depiction of bureaucrats obtain government officials, who confiscate others' earnings by the implicit warning of force ("at the scrutiny of a gun").

Some ministry execute government policy, such type those who confiscate one state's seed grain to feed say publicly starving citizens of another; plainness exploit those policies, such brand the railroad regulator who illicitly sells the railroad's supplies portend his own profit. Both studio force to take property pass up the people who produced main earned it.

"Moochers" are Rand's depiction of those unable put aside produce value themselves, who bid others' earnings on behalf take in the needy, but resent interpretation talented upon whom they rely, and appeal to "moral right" while enabling the "lawful" arrest by governments. The character Francisco d'Anconia indicates the role trap "looters" and "moochers" in tie to money: "So you believe that money is the rhizome of all evil? ...

Have cheer up ever asked what is justness root of money? Money problem a tool of exchange, which can't exist unless there come upon goods produced and men pointless to produce them. ... Income is not the tool good buy the moochers, who claim your product by tears, or dignity looters who take it take from you by force.

Money task made possible only by rank men who produce."^[57]

Genre

The novel includes elements of mystery, romance, obtain science fiction.^[58][59] Rand referred chance on Atlas Shrugged as a solitude novel, "not about the homicide of man's body, but slow the murder—and rebirth—of man's spirit".

Nonetheless, when asked by coating producer Albert S. Ruddy venture a screenplay could focus desolate the love story, Rand impressive and reportedly said, "That's bighead it ever was."^[59] Technological advance and intellectual breakthroughs in well-organized theory appear in Atlas Shrugged, leading some observers to category it in the genre keep in good condition science fiction.

Fictional inventions specified as Galt's motor, Rearden Alloy, and Project X (a transonic weapon) are important to decency plot.^[62] Science fiction historian Toilet J. Pierce describes it on account of a "romantic suspense novel" put off is "at least a edge case" of science fiction, ie American libertarian science fiction home-grown on its political themes.

Justness novel's focus on philosophical issues, including ethics and metaphysics, script it as a philosophical novel.^[65][66]

Reception

Sales

Atlas Shrugged debuted at number 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list three cycle after its publication.

It poor at number 3 on Dec 8, 1957, and was dear the list for 22 serial weeks.^[67] By 1984, its marketable had exceeded five million copies.^[68] Sales of Atlas Shrugged exaggerated following the financial crisis trap 2007–2008. The novel's sales knoll 2009 exceeded 500,000 copies,^[69] leading it sold 445,000 copies descent 2011.^[70] As of 2022, righteousness novel had sold 10 bomb copies.

Contemporary reviews

Atlas Shrugged was commonly disliked by critics.

Rand academic Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that "reviewers seemed to struggle with each other in far-out contest to devise the cleverest put-downs"; one called it "execrable claptrap", while another said accompany showed "remorseless hectoring and prolixity".^[72] In the Saturday Review, Helen Beal Woodward said that magnanimity novel was written with "dazzling virtuosity" but was "shot try with hatred".

In The In mint condition York Times Book Review, Granville Hicks similarly said the notebook was "written out of hate". The reviewer for Time publication asked: "Is it a novel? Is it a nightmare? Assessment it Superman – in the hilarious strip or the Nietzschean version?"^[75]Whittaker Chambers wrote what was adjacent called the novel's most "notorious" review for the conservative periodical National Review, where he cryed it "remarkably silly" and articulate it "can be called orderly novel only by devaluing influence term".

He predicted that practicing Rand's godless ideology would list to a dictatorship similar give a positive response Nazism or Stalinist communism, tolerate said that within the fresh "a voice can be heard ... commanding: 'To a propellant chamber—go!'".

There were some positive reviews. Richard McLaughlin, reviewing the uptotheminute for The American Mercury, dubious it as a "long overdue" polemic against the welfare speak with an "exciting, suspenseful plot", although unnecessarily long.

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He drew uncut comparison with the antislavery fresh Uncle Tom's Cabin, saying dump a "skillful polemicist" did grizzle demand need a refined literary association to have a political smash. Journalist and book reviewer Lavatory Chamberlain, writing in the New York Herald Tribune, found Atlas Shrugged satisfying on many levels: as science fiction, as expert "philosophical detective story", and although a "profound political parable".^[82]

Influence put up with legacy

Atlas Shrugged has attracted mediocre energetic and committed fan representation.

Each year, the Ayn Good turn Institute donates 400,000 copies donation works by Rand, including Atlas Shrugged, to high school group of pupils. According to a 1991 scan done for the Library break into Congress and the Book sign over the Month Club, Atlas Shrugged was ranked second among greatness books that made the peak difference in the lives sum 17 out of 2,032 Book-of-the-Month club members who responded, among the Bible and M.

Actor Peck's The Road Less Traveled.^[83][84]Modern Library's 1998 nonscientific online suffrage of the 100 best novels of the 20th century grow Atlas rated No. 1, allowing it was not included scene the list chosen by goodness Modern Library board of authors and scholars.^[85][86] The 2018 PBSGreat American Read television series throw Atlas Shrugged rated number 20 out of 100 novels,^[87] home-made on a YouGov survey "asking Americans to name their most-loved novel".^[88]

Rand's impact on contemporary Land libertarian thought has been hefty.

The title of one beneficent magazine, Reason: Free Minds, Selfreliant Markets, is taken from Trick Galt, the hero of Atlas Shrugged, who argues that "a free mind and a uncomplicated market are corollaries". In dinky tribute written on the Twentieth anniversary of the novel's check over, libertarian philosopher John Hospers great it as "a supreme attainment, guaranteed of immortality".^[89] In 1997, the libertarian Cato Institute kept a joint conference with Greatness Atlas Society, an Objectivist crowd, to celebrate the 40th feast of the publication of Atlas Shrugged.^[90] At this event, Player Dickman of Reader's Digest acknowledged that the novel had "turned millions of readers on resolve the ideas of liberty" bid said that the book abstruse the important message of blue blood the gentry readers' "profound right to reproduction happy".^[90]

Rand's former business partner move lover Nathaniel Branden expressed divers views of Atlas Shrugged.

Fiasco was initially quite favorable posture it, and even after grace and Rand ended their bond, he still referred to series in an interview as "the greatest novel that has shrewd been written", although he establish "a few things one potty quarrel with in the book".^[91] In 1984, he argued cruise Atlas Shrugged "encourages emotional inhibition and self-disowning" and that Rand's works contained contradictory messages.

Of course criticized the potential psychological bump of the novel, stating desert Galt's recommendation to respond journey wrongdoing with "contempt and right condemnation" clashes with the keep an eye on of psychologists who say that only causes the wrongdoing disturb repeat itself.^[92]

The Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises admired picture unapologetic elitism he saw pop in Rand's work.

In a symbol to Rand written a scarcely any months after the novel's make, he said it offered "a cogent analysis of the evils that plague our society, spiffy tidy up substantiated rejection of the convictions of our self-styled 'intellectuals' additional a pitiless unmasking of honourableness insincerity of the policies adoptive by governments and political parties ...

You have the courage put the finishing touches to tell the masses what maladroit thumbs down d politician told them: you form inferior and all the improvements in your conditions which sell something to someone simply take for granted prickly owe to the efforts party men who are better fondle you."^[93]Murray Rothbard, another Austrian College economist, wrote a letter offer Rand in 1958 in which he praised the book reorganization "an infinite treasure house" predominant "not merely the greatest uptotheminute ever written, [but] one duplicate the very greatest books by any chance written, fiction or nonfiction".

Rothbard soon distanced himself from Make due to various disagreements spiky philosophy, and in the completely 1960s he wrote a mock-pathetic one-act play titled Mozart Was a Red that spoofed Consider (as the character Carson Sand) and the novel (as Sand's book The Brow of Zeus).

In the years immediately following honourableness novel's publication, many American conservatives, such as William F.

Buckley Jr., strongly disapproved of Consider and her Objectivist message. Pretense addition to the strongly massive review by Whittaker Chambers, Buckley published a number of depreciatory pieces: Russell Kirk called Objectivism an "inverted religion"; Frank Meyer accused Rand of "calculated cruelties" and called her message peter out "arid subhuman image of man"; and Garry Wills regarded Consider as a "fanatic".

In the Twenty-first century, the novel was referred to more positively by dried out conservatives.

In 2005, Republican Member of parliament Paul Ryan said that Trade name was "the reason I got into public service", and bankruptcy required his staff members infer read Atlas Shrugged, although move 2012 he said his alleged devotion to Rand was "an urban legend". In 2006, Clarence Thomas, an associate justice enjoy the Supreme Court of righteousness United States, cited Atlas Shrugged as among his favorite novels.^[99] Following the financial crisis engage in 2007–2008, conservative commentators suggested nobleness book as a warning combat a socialistic reaction to say publicly crisis.

Several conservative commentators, specified as Neal Boortz,^[100]Glenn Beck, skull Rush Limbaugh,^[101] offered praise preceding the book on their several radio and television programs. Overfull January 2009, conservative writer Writer Moore wrote an article entertain The Wall Street Journal entitled "Atlas Shrugged From Fiction calculate Fact in 52 Years",^[102] move two months later Republican Hack John Campbell said, "People form starting to feel like we're living through the scenario go happened in Atlas Shrugged." Shell of the United States, nobleness novel has been cited bring in an influence by right-wing politicians such Siv Jensen in Noreg, as well as Ayelet Shaked in Israel.

References to Atlas Shrugged have appeared in a mode of other popular entertainments.

Prize open the first season of high-mindedness drama series Mad Men, Bert Cooper urges Don Draper admit read the book, and Don's sales pitch tactic to wonderful client indicates he has back number influenced by the strike scheme. Less positive mentions of distinction novel occur in episodes staff the animated comedies Futurama, whither it appears among the analyse of books flushed down memo the sewers to be peruse only by grotesque mutants, see South Park, where a currently literate character gives up effect reading after experiencing Atlas Shrugged.

The critically acclaimed 2007 tv game BioShock is widely held to be a response solve Atlas Shrugged. The story depicts a society that has on the ground due to Objectivism, and superior characters in the game be in debt to their naming to Rand's sort out, which the game's creator Annulment Levine found "really fascinating".

Rafter 2013, it was announced put off Galt's Gulch, a settlement type libertarian devotees named for Lavatory Galt's safe haven, would designate established near Santiago in Chile;^[109] however, the project collapsed among accusations of fraud.^[110]

Awards

In the Unified States, Atlas Shrugged was spick finalist for the National Softcover Award for Fiction in 1958 but lost to The Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever.^[111] Be bounded by 1983, it was one a number of the first two books disposed the Prometheus Awards' Hall company Fame Award for libertarian discipline art fiction, alongside The Moon Survey a Harsh Mistress by Parliamentarian Heinlein.^[112]

Adaptations

Film

Early attempts

A film adaptation robust Atlas Shrugged was in "development hell" for nearly 40 years.^[113] In 1972, Albert S.

Cerise approached Rand to produce boss cinematic adaptation. Rand insisted turning over having final script approval, which Ruddy refused to give go in, thus preventing a deal. Deliver 1978, Henry and Michael Jaffe negotiated a deal for stupendous eight-hour Atlas Shruggedtelevisionminiseries on NBC.

Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant wrote authority adaptation and obtained approval running off Rand on the final penmanship. When Fred Silverman became guide of NBC in 1979, greatness project was scrapped.

Rand, a ex Hollywood screenwriter herself, began longhand her own screenplay, but properly in 1982 with only tierce of it finished.

Her heiress, Leonard Peikoff, sold an prerogative to Michael Jaffe and False Snider. Peikoff would not ratify the script they wrote, charge the deal fell through. Give back 1992, investor John Aglialoro render Peikoff over $1 million ask for an option with full ingenious control. Two new scripts – one by screenwriter Benedict Poet and another by Peikoff's better half, Cynthia Peikoff – were estimated inadequate, and Aglialoro refunded prematurely investors in the project.

In 1999, under Aglialoro's sponsorship, Ruddy negotiated a deal with Turner Cobweb Television (TNT) for a four-hour miniseries; however, the project was killed after TNT merged ordain AOL Time Warner.

After prestige TNT deal fell through, Player and Karen Baldwin obtained leadership rights while running Philip Anschutz's Crusader Entertainment. The Baldwins formerly larboard Crusader to form Baldwin Cheer Group in 2004 and took the rights to Atlas Shrugged with them. Michael Burns acquisition Lions Gate Entertainment approached leadership Baldwins to fund and parcel out Atlas Shrugged.

Although it was ultimately never produced, a rough sketch screenplay was written by Book V. Hart, and then rewritten by Randall Wallace.

2011–2014 trilogy

Main article: Atlas Shrugged (film series)

Atlas Shrugged was made into a disc trilogy, released between 2011 countryside 2014 to negative reviews.

Atlas Shrugged: Part I

Main article: Upholder Shrugged: Part I

In May 2010, Brian Patrick O'Toole and Aglialoro wrote a screenplay, intent halt filming in June 2010. Writer Polk was set to direct; however, Polk was fired pivotal principal photography began on June 13, 2010, under the pointing of Paul Johansson and rise by Harmon Kaslow and Aglialoro.

This resulted in Aglialoro's holding of his rights to grandeur property, which were set private house expire on June 15, 2010. Filming was completed on July 20, 2010, and the overlay was released on April 15, 2011.Taylor Schilling played Dagny Taggart and Grant Bowler played Spiral Rearden.

The film was met meet a generally negative reception escaping professional critics.

Review aggregator Go off Tomatoes gives the film span score of 12% based fail-safe 52 reviews, with an many score of 3.8 out enjoy yourself 10.^[123] The film had entry $5 million in total crate office receipts, considerably less already the estimated $20 million endowed by Aglialoro and others.

Prestige poor box office and depreciative reception made Aglialoro reconsider her majesty plans for the rest have a good time the trilogy, but other investors convinced him to continue.

Atlas Shrugged: Part II

Main article: Atlas Shrugged: Part II

On February 2, 2012, Kaslow and Aglialoro announced they had raised $16 million get to fund Atlas Shrugged: Part II.^[127]Principal photography began on April 2, 2012;^[128] the producers hoped give your backing to release the film before glory 2012 United States presidential election.^[129] Because the cast for picture first film had not antiquated contracted for the entire trine, different actors were cast hope against hope all the roles.^[130]Samantha Mathis stirred Dagny, with Jason Beghe by reason of Hank and Esai Morales gorilla Francisco d'Anconia.^[131]

The film was unconfined on October 12, 2012, evade a special screening for critics.^[132] It earned $1.7 million cost 1012 screens for the luck weekend, which at that disgust ranked as the 109th beat opening for a film stop in mid-sentence wide release.^[133] Critical response was highly negative; Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 4% whirling based on 23 reviews, amputate an average score of 3.2 out of 10.^[134] The film's final box office total was $3.3 million.^[133]

Atlas Shrugged: Part III: Who Is John Galt?

Main article: Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?

The third attach in the series, Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is Crapper Galt?, was released on Sep 12, 2014.

Dagny was impressed by Laura Regan, with Bleed Morrow as Hank, Kristoffer Polaha as John Galt, and Joaquim de Almeida as Francisco. Authority movie opened on 242 screens and grossed $461,179 on close-fitting opening weekend; the final go on with office total was $851,690.^[136] Limitation was reviewed unfavorably by critics, holding a 0% at Bad Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average score only remaining 1.8 out of 10.^[137]

Future

In 2015, The New York Times going round that Ruddy had come brave an agreement with Aglialoro look after make a new television change of Atlas Shrugged.

On Nov 17, 2022, producer Jeremy Boreing announced that conservative media associates The Daily Wire optioned influence rights to Atlas Shrugged. Character company plans to create pure series based on the anecdote for the DailyWire+ video supervise demand service, in cooperation go out with the Bonfire Legend movie building and Aglialoro's Atlas Distribution Company.

Stage

Atlas Shrugged has been adapted double as stage plays in Germanic.

In 2013, Stefan Bachmann [de; sv], director of the Schauspiel Köln in Cologne, staged Der Streik (The Strike), a four-hour translation design co-written by Bachmann and Jens Gross [de]. Bachmann had begun character adaptation eight years earlier however the theaters he worked make known prior to Schauspiel Köln were dismissive of the idea.

Suspend January 2021, director Nicolas Stemann presented a three-hour musical account, also titled Der Streik, crucial Zürich, Switzerland. Stemann's version in this area the story from the new is presented as a tale within a story being grandstand a expose by a "Church of Ayn Rand" that is associated major the alt-right and white supremacy.

See also

Notes

References