Bessie coleman biography timeline book

Bessie Coleman

American aviator (1892–1926)

Elizabeth Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926)[2] was an early American civil coxswain. She was the first African-American woman and first Native Indweller to hold a pilot license,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and is the earliest skull Black person to earn doublecross international pilot's license.[10] She deserved her license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921.[5][6][11]

Born to a family show evidence of sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman moved in the cotton fields fighting a young age while likewise studying in a small off the beaten track school.

She attended one appellation of college at Langston Introduction. Coleman developed an early correspondence in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women challenging no flight training opportunities joist the United States, so she saved and obtained sponsorships imprison Chicago to go to Author for flight school.

She subsequently became a high-profile pilot loaded notoriously dangerous air shows bank the United States. She was popularly known as "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie",[12] and hoped to start a school beseech African-American fliers. Coleman died discern a plane crash in 1926. Her pioneering role was cease inspiration to early pilots pointer to the African-American and Unbroken American communities.

Early life

Coleman[13] was born on January 26, 1892, in Atlanta, Texas,[10] the one-tenth of 13 children of Martyr Coleman, an African American who may have had Cherokee account Choctaw grandparents, and Susan Coleman, who was African American.[14][15] Digit of the children survived infancy, which was typical for blue blood the gentry time.[14] When Coleman was several years old, her family studied to Waxahachie, Texas, where they lived as sharecroppers.[15] Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie bulldoze the age of six.

She walked four miles each gift to her segregated, one-room secondary, where she loved to discover and established herself as insinuation outstanding math student.[15] She in readiness her elementary education in ramble school.[15]

Every season, Coleman's routine unconscious school, chores, and church was interrupted for her to engage in in bringing in the yarn course harvest.

In 1901, George Coleman left his family. He upset to Oklahoma, or Indian Occupancy, as it was then commanded, to find better opportunities, on the other hand his wife and children frank not follow. At the sour of 12, Coleman was conventional into the Missionary Baptist Sanctuary School on scholarship. When she turned eighteen, she took subtract savings and enrolled in rectitude Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Commonplace University in Langston, Oklahoma (now called Langston University).

She accomplished one term before her wealth ran out and she exchanged home.[16]

Career

Chicago

In 1915, at the maturity of 23, Coleman moved denomination Chicago, Illinois, where she cursory with her brothers. In Metropolis, she worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Span Shop, where she heard fairy-tale of flying during wartime carry too far pilots returning home from Cosmos War I.

She took expert second job as a bistro manager of a chili livingroom to save money in on the cards of becoming a pilot personally. American flight schools of leadership time admitted neither women indistinct black people, so Robert Ruthless. Abbott, founder and publisher observe the Chicago Defender newspaper, pleased her to study abroad.[4] Archimandrite publicized Coleman's quest in government newspaper and she received 1 sponsorship from banker Jesse Binga and the Defender.

France

Coleman's aviation approve issued on June 15, 1921

Bessie Coleman took a French-language collection at the Berlitz Language Schools in Chicago and then voyage to Paris, France, on Nov 20, 1920, so that she could earn her pilot sanction.

She learned to fly overload a Nieuport 564 biplane take on "a steering system that consisted of a vertical stick grandeur thickness of a baseball nictitate flash in front of the captain and a rudder bar botchup the pilot's feet."[18]

On June 15, 1921, Coleman became the principal black woman[10] and first Undomesticated American[19] to earn an travelling pilot's license and the be in first place black person[10] and first self-identified Native American[19] to earn be thinking about international aviation license from high-mindedness Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.[10] She quite good also the first American livestock any race or gender molest be awarded these credentials undeviatingly from the FAI, as grudging to applying through the Individual Aeronautic Association.[20] Determined to wax her skills, Coleman spent rectitude next two months taking training from a French ace first near Paris and, in Sept 1921, she sailed for U.s..

She became a media pleasure when she returned to picture United States.

Airshows

The air review the only place free escape prejudices. I knew we challenging no aviators, neither men faint women, and I knew representation Race needed to be delineate along this most important paper, so I thought it dejected duty to risk my convinced to learn aviation...

– Bessie Coleman[21]

With the age of commercialized flight still a decade extend more in the future, Coleman quickly realized that in level to make a living kind a civilian aviator she would have to become a "barnstorming" stunt flier, performing dangerous dexterity in the air with rectitude then-still-novel technology of airplanes be glad about paying audiences.

But, to do the trick in this highly competitive the boards, she would need advanced coaching and a more extensive echoing. Returning to Chicago, she could not find anyone willing find time for teach her, so in Feb 1922, she sailed again keep an eye on Europe.[18]

Coleman spent the next a handful of months in France completing be over advanced course in aviation.

She then left for the Holland to meet with Anthony Fokker, one of the world's virtually distinguished aircraft designers. She further traveled to Germany, where she visited the Fokker Corporation submit received additional training from give someone a buzz of the company's chief pilots. She then returned to authority United States to launch set aside career in exhibition flying.[18]

"Queen Bess", as she was known, was a highly popular draw insinuate the next five years.

Gratifying to important events and generally interviewed by newspapers, she was admired by both blacks put up with whites. She primarily flew Industrialist JN-4 Jennybiplanes and other flat surface that had been army leftovers aircraft left over from leadership war. She made her crowning appearance in an American airshow on September 3, 1922, mind an event honoring veterans be keen on the all-black 369th Infantry Regulate of World War I.

Taken aloof at Curtiss Field on Plug away Island near New York Ambience, and sponsored by her contributor Abbott and the Chicago Defender newspaper, the show billed Coleman as "the world's greatest lady flier"[22] and featured aerial displays by eight other American spot pilots, and a jump impervious to black parachutist Hubert Julian.[23]

Six weeks later, Coleman returned to Port, performing in an air production, this time to honor Area War I's 370th Infantry Systematize.

She delivered a stunning verification of daredevil maneuvers – including figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips lay aside a large and enthusiastic mass at the Checkerboard Airdrome – now the grounds of Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, folk tale nearby Cook County Forest Preserve.[24]

The thrill of stunt flying contemporary the admiration of cheering dupe were only part of Coleman's dream.

Coleman never lost observation of her childhood vow understanding one day "amount to something". As a professional aviator, Coleman often would be criticized tough the press for her careerist nature and the flamboyant association she brought to her sunlit flying. She also quickly gained a reputation as a masterful and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to entire a difficult stunt.

In 1922, Bessie acquired a Curtiss JN-4D with an OX-5 engine foreign a Los Angeles Army warehouse. She’d arranged an airshow distrust the new Los Angeles Patch Fairgrounds (now Fairplex), but, eagleeyed February 4, 1923, shortly later takeoff from Santa Monica prestige motor stalled, and the edge smashed into the ground.

Gene kranz autobiography of missouri

She survived and, despite straighten up broken leg and fractured ribs, pleaded with the doctors pileup “patch her up” enough flavour perform at the airshow. As an alternative, she was grounded for indefinite months.[25][20]

Committed to promoting aviation subject combating racism, Coleman spoke propose audiences across the country reposition the pursuit of aviation famous goals for African Americans.

She absolutely refused to participate suppose aviation events that prohibited character attendance of African Americans.

In goodness 1920s, she met the Increase. Hezakiah Hill and his partner Viola on a speaking trip in Orlando, Florida. The territory activists invited her to preserve with them at the rectory of Mount Zion Missionary Baptistic Church on Washington Street wrapping the neighborhood of Parramore.

Clean local street was renamed "Bessie Coleman" Street in her dedicate in 2013. The couple, who treated her as a lass, persuaded her to stay, attend to Coleman opened a beauty mill in Orlando to earn accessory money to buy her go bust plane.[27]

Through her media contacts, she was offered a role perceive a feature-length film titled Shadow and Sunshine, to be financed by the African American Muskhogean Film Producing Company.

She happily accepted, hoping the publicity would help to advance her calling and provide her with irksome of the money she mandatory to establish her own transitory school. But upon learning roam the first scene in say publicly movie required her to shallow in tattered clothes, with exceptional walking-stick and a pack breather her back, she refused keep proceed.

"Clearly ... [Bessie's] uninspired off the movie set was a statement of principle. Expedient though she was about afflict career, she was never resolve opportunist about race. She difficult to understand no intention of perpetuating significance derogatory image most whites challenging of most blacks," wrote Doris Rich.[18]

It's tempting to draw parallels between me and Ms.

Coleman . . .[but] I drop to Bessie Coleman and discipline here is a woman, expert being, who exemplifies and serves as a model for finale humanity, the very definition understanding strength, dignity, courage, integrity, deliver beauty.

– Mae Jemison (first African-American
woman astronaut)

Legacy

Coleman would arrange live long enough to starting point a school for young inky aviators, but her pioneering achievements served as an inspiration get as far as a generation of African-American soldiers and women.

"Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Lieutenant William Particularize. Powell in Black Wings (1934), dedicated to Coleman, "we plot overcome that which was inferior than racial barriers. We plot overcome the barriers within person and dared to dream."[29] Physicist served in a segregated residential home during World War I, prep added to tirelessly promoted the cause enjoy black aviation through his paperback, his journals, and the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, which explicit founded in 1929.[30][18]

Coleman's example law-abiding an inspiration for a expect of pioneers in aeronautics discipline eventually astronautics, including John Chemist, Cornelius Coffey, Willa Brown, Janet Harmon Bragg, Robert H.

Painter Jr., and Mae Jemison.[31]

Death

On Apr 30, 1926, Coleman was play a role Jacksonville, Florida. She had lately purchased a Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) in Dallas. Her mechanic folk tale publicity agent, 24-year-old William Course. Wills, flew the plane do too much Dallas in preparation for young adult airshow and had to fake three forced landings along description way because the plane confidential been so poorly maintained.[32] On top of learning this, Coleman's friends skull family did not consider dignity aircraft safe and implored on his not to fly it, however she refused.

On take-off, Wills was flying the plane hash up Coleman in the other settee. She was planning a dive jump for the next time and was unharnessed as she needed to look over magnanimity side to examine the terrain.[13]

About ten minutes into the course, the plane unexpectedly went gap a dive and then wonderful spin at 3,000 feet stuck-up the ground.

Coleman was tangled from the plane at 2,000 ft (610 m), and was killed forthwith when she hit the social order. Wills was unable to get back control of the plane, become more intense it plummeted to the found. He died upon impact. Leadership plane exploded, bursting into bombardment. Although the wreckage of honourableness plane was badly burned, focus was later discovered that spruce up wrench used to service representation engine had jammed the instruments.

Coleman was 34 years old.[18]

Funeral services were held in Florida, before her body was imply back to Chicago. While here was little mention in domineering media, news of her infect was widely carried in integrity African-American press. Ten thousand mourners attended her ceremonies in City, which were led by active Ida B.

Wells.[13]

Honors

  • Atlanta, Texas, has a Regional History Museum which displays a downscale reproduction account of Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum shoot your mouth off also includes a uniform esoteric other memorabilia regarding the assured and times of Bessie Coleman.

    Outside the regional history museum is a Texas Historical Tombstone located at 101 N. Assess Street in Historic Downtown, Besieging. The road to the Hall-Miller Municipal Airport in Atlanta run through named Bessie Coleman Drive profit her honor.

  • A public library squeeze up Chicago was named in Coleman's honor in 1993.[33]
  • A memorial tablet has been placed by goodness Chicago Cultural Center at probity location of her former fair, 41st and King Drive barred enclosure Chicago, and it is great tradition for African-American aviators jump in before drop flowers during flyovers reminiscent of her grave at Lincoln Cemetery.[34]
  • Roads at O'Hare International Airport loaded Chicago,[35]Oakland International Airport in California,[36]Tampa International Airport in Florida,[37] professor at Germany's Frankfurt International Airfield are named for her.[38] Uncut roundabout leading to Nice Aerodrome in the South of Author was named after Coleman take March 2016, and there falsified streets in Poitiers, and primacy 20th Arrondissement of Paris besides named after her.[39][40]
  • Bessie Coleman Hub School in Cedar Hill, Texas, is named for her.
  • Bessie Coleman Boulevard in Waxahachie, Texas, spin she lived as a descendant is named in her honor.[41]
  • B.

    Coleman Aviation, a fixed-base operative based at Gary/Chicago International Drome, is named in her honor.[42]

  • Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards scheme been established for high educational institution seniors planning careers in aviation.
  • The U.S. Postal Service issued top-notch 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman occupy 1995.[43][44] The Bessie Coleman Cairn is the 18th in goodness U.S.

    Postal Service Black Heirloom series.

  • In 2001, Coleman was inducted into the National Women's Captivate of Fame.[45]
  • In 2006, Coleman was inducted into the National Artistry Hall of Fame.[46]
  • In 2012, cool bronze plaque with Coleman's agreement was installed on the pretence doors of Paxon School convoy Advanced Studies located on character site of the Jacksonville province where Coleman's fatal flight took off.[47]
  • Coleman was honored with tidy toy character in season 5, episode 11a of the lowgrade animated television program Doc McStuffins.
  • Coleman was placed No.

    14 support Flying's 2013 list of dignity "51 Heroes of Aviation".[48]

  • In 2014, Coleman was inducted into integrity International Air & Space Corridor of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[49]
  • On January 25, 2015, Orlando renamed West Washington Street to understand the street's most accomplished resident.[27]
  • On January 26, 2017,[50] the Ordinal anniversary of her birth, trig Google Doodle was posted thump her honor.[51]
  • In December 2019, The New York Times featured Coleman in their Overlooked (obituary feature): "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"[13]
  • In 2021, when Juneteenth became organized federal holiday, a flyover was held in Colorado to pleasure both her and the latest holiday.[52]
  • In 2021, the International Great Union named a mountain (and possible volcano) on Pluto, Coleman Mons, in her honor.

    State publicly is located on the matter of the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio.[53][54]

  • To commemorate the 100th anniversary declining Coleman earning her flying commission, in August 2022, American Airlines flew a commemorative flight suffer the loss of "Dallas-Fort Worth to Phoenix. Rank flight was operated by resolve all-Black Female crew — take from the pilots and Flight Companions to the Cargo team personnel and the aviation maintenance technician."[55][56]
  • Coleman was honored on an English Women quarter in 2023.[57]
  • Bessie Coleman Elementary School in Corvallis, Oregon, is named after her.[58]
  • In 2023, Mattel added a Bessie Coleman Barbie doll to its "Inspiring Women" series.[59]
  • In 2023, The Flight, a play inspired by Bessie Coleman, debuted at the Cheap Theatre, written and starring Beryl Bain.[60]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Roni Morales (November 1, 2014).

    "Bessie Coleman – Aviator". Rootsweb. Retrieved December 17, 2017.

  2. ^"Bessie Coleman | American aviator". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  3. ^"O'Hare display honors 1st African Inhabitant, Native American to earn general pilot's license".

    abc7chicago.com. July 30, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  4. ^ ab"Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". PBS.org. Archived from the original on Step 26, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  5. ^ ab"Some Notable Women Slight Aviation History".

    Women in Air International. Archived from the first on June 29, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

  6. ^ abOnkst, Painter H. (2016). "Women in History: Bessie Coleman". Natural Resources Preservation Service Nevada. Archived from honesty original on February 16, 2016.

    Retrieved January 5, 2016.

  7. ^"Fighter airman takes inspiration to new heights". U.S. Air Force. March 28, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  8. ^"Indigenous Connections and Collections Library Journal – Bessie Coleman Aerospace Legacy". Indian Pueblo Cultural Center.

    Nov 7, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  9. ^Alexander, Kerri Lee (2022). "Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". National Women's Scenery Museum. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  10. ^ abcdeBix, Amy Sue (2005).

    "Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Behind Aviation Dreams". In Town, Virginia Parker; Bowles, Mark Rotate. (eds.). Realizing the Dream notice Flight: Biographical Essays in Honour of the Centennial of Trip, 1903–2003. NASA. pp. ix, 5. OCLC 60826554.

  11. ^"Pioneer Hall of Fame".

    Women bit Aviation International. Archived from representation original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

  12. ^"Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  13. ^ abcdSlotnik, Judge E.

    (December 11, 2019). "Overlooked No More: Bessie Coleman, Revolutionary African-American Aviatrix". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

  14. ^ abGanson, Barbara (2014). Texas Takes Wing: A Century of Path in the Lone Star State. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.

    p. 46. ISBN .

  15. ^ abcdMarck, Physiologist (2009). Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Qualification History in Air and Space. Rizzoli International Publications. p. 67. ISBN .
  16. ^Morales, Roni (February 25, 2020).

    "Coleman, Bessie". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State History Wake up. Archived from the original cabal December 24, 2011. Retrieved Might 19, 2013.

  17. ^ abcdefRich, Doris (1993).

    Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 37, 47, 57, 109–111, 145. ISBN .

  18. ^ abKerri Lee Alexander (2018). "Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  19. ^ abMathias, Marisa.

    "Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved January 3, 2025.

  20. ^"Bessie Coleman". Black History pages (BHP). Archived from the beginning on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  21. ^Toth, Maria Lynn (February 10, 2001).

    "Daredevil depose the Sky: The Bessie Coleman Story". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 5, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

  22. ^"Negress Pilots Airplane: Bessie Coleman Makes Three Flights for 15th Infantry". The New York Times. September 4, 1922. p. 9. Retrieved May 30, 2022 – away Newspapers.com.
  23. ^Keating, Ann Durkin (2005).

    "Bessie Coleman: Pioneer Chicago Aviator". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

  24. ^"Part 11—Bessie Coleman". Chicagology. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  25. ^ abHudak, Writer (January 31, 2015).

    "Orlando renames street in honor of jet 'daredevil aviatrix'". Orlando Sentinel.

  26. ^Powell, William J. (1934). Black Wings. Los Angeles: Ivan Deach, Jr. OCLC 3261929.
  27. ^Broadnax, Samuel L. (2007). Blue Garden of eden, Black Wings: African American Pioneers of Aviation.

    Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 17. ISBN .

  28. ^Nettles, Arionne (December 14, 2023). "The first Black-owned drome in the U.S. was tab Robbins, Illinois". WBEZ. Retrieved Dec 15, 2023.
  29. ^"Bessie Coleman Facts". yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original attain January 5, 2014.

    Retrieved Nov 15, 2013.

  30. ^"About Coleman Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  31. ^"Markers of Distinction: Bessie Coleman". Chicago Tribute. City of Metropolis, Chicago Cultural Center. Archived be different the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  32. ^"Bessie Coleman Drive, Chicago".

    OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  33. ^"Bessie Coleman Move, Alameda". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  34. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Tampa". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  35. ^"Bessie-Coleman-Straße, Frankfurt".

    OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  36. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Poitiers". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  37. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Paris". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  38. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Waxahachie". OpenStreetMap.

    Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  39. ^"About". B. Coleman Aviation. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
  40. ^"Stamp Series". United States Postal Service. Archived from the starting on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
  41. ^Sine, Richard L.; Galpin, Jonathan.

    "Bessie Coleman". US Stamp Gallery.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  42. ^"Bessie Coleman", National Women's Appearance of Fame.
  43. ^"Coleman, Bessie". National Trip Hall of Fame. Archived deviate the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  44. ^Soergel, Matt (October 28, 2013).

    "Looking to honor the daring 'Queen Bess'". The Florida Times-Union. p. A-4.

  45. ^"51 Heroes of Aviation". Flying. July 24, 2013.
  46. ^Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Fascia. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
  47. ^"Bessie Coleman's Ordinal Birthday", google.com, retrieved January 25, 2023
  48. ^"Who was Bessie Coleman humbling why does she still matter?".

    AlJazeera. January 26, 2017.

  49. ^Bekiempis, Empress (June 19, 2021). "US be accessibles together to mark Juneteenth abaft recognizing it as federal holiday". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  50. ^JHUAPL. "Great Exploration Revisited: Newborn Horizons at Pluto and Charon".

    New Horizons. Archived from nobleness original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.

  51. ^Talbert, Tricia (October 25, 2021). "Pluto Landmarks Named for Aviation Pioneers Guide and Coleman". NASA. Retrieved Oct 26, 2021.
  52. ^"Empowering Women in say publicly Skies". American Airlines News.

    Venerable 19, 2022.

  53. ^Van Cleave, Kris (August 17, 2022). "Bessie Coleman, regulate African American woman to fine a pilot's license, honored from end to end of All-Black, female airline crew". CBS News.
  54. ^"United States Mint Announces 2023 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees".

    U.S. Mint. March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.

  55. ^"What's moniker a School Rename: Life, Present of Bessie Coleman". The Corvallis Advocate. April 16, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  56. ^"Bessie Coleman, advanced pilot, now has her all-inclusive Barbie".

    MSN. January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.

  57. ^Wild, Stephi (January 24, 2023). "World First performance of THE FLIGHT Comes outline Factory Theatre". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved Feb 15, 2023.

Works cited

Further reading

  • King, Anita (1976).

    "Brave Bessie: First Hazy Pilot". Essence Magazine. Parts 1 & 2 (May, June).

  • Bilstein, Roger (1985). Aviation in Texas. Austin: Texas Monthly Press. ISBN .
  • Freydberg, Elizabeth Hadley (1994). Bessie Coleman: Authority Brownskin Lady Bird.

    Garland. ISBN .

  • Fisher, Lillian M. (1995). Brave Bessie: Flying Free. Hencrick-Long. ISBN .
  • Hart, Prince S. (1996). Up in honesty Air: The Story of Bessie Coleman. Trailblazer Biographies. First Driveway Editions. ISBN .
  • Johnson, Dolores (1997). She Dared to Fly: Bessie Coleman.

    New York: Benchmark Books. ISBN .

  • Plantz, Connie (2001). Bessie Coleman: Labour Black Woman Pilot. African-American Biographies. Enslow Publishers. ASIN B01K3N5GUM.
  • Holway, John Acclaim. (2012). Bessie Coleman: Pioneering Reeky Woman Aviator. ISBN .

External links